RESUMEN

The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, a global public health problem. Despite the numerous studies for drug repurposing, there are only two FDA-approved antiviral agents (Remdesivir and Nirmatrelvir) for non-hospitalized patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 symptoms. Consequently, it is pivotal to search for new molecules with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity and to study their effects in the human immune system. Ebselen (Eb) is an organoselenium compound that is safe for humans and has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Diphenyl diselenide ((PhSe)2) shares several pharmacological properties with Eb and is of low toxicity to mammals. Herein, we investigated Eb and (PhSe)2 anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity in a human pneumocytes cell model (Calu-3) and analyzed their toxic effects on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Both compounds significantly inhibited the SARS-CoV-2 replication in Calu-3 cells. The EC50 values for Eb and (PhSe)2 after 24 h post-infection (hpi) were 3.8 µM and 3.9 µM, respectively, and after 48 hpi were 2.6 µM and 3.4 µM. These concentrations are safe for non-infected cells, since the CC50 values found for Eb and (PhSe)2 on Calu-3 were greater than 200 µM. Importantly, the concentration rates tested on viral replication were not toxic to human PBMCs. Therefore, our findings reinforce the efficacy of Eb and demonstrate (PhSe)2 as a new candidate to be tested in future trials against SARS-CoV-2 infection/inflammation conditions.

RESUMEN

The high demand for food consequently increases the entry of agricultural residues into water resources, and this phenomenon can affect non-target organisms in different ways. Environmentally relevant pesticide effects (per se or in combinations) are scarce in the scientific literature. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate: (1) the presence of pesticide residues in an important Brazilian source of water supply and power generation (Jacuí river), during 1 year of monitoring. (2) in a laboratory study verify the effects of the most frequently, herbicide, fungicide, and insecticide found in Jacuí river (individualized or in a mixture) on biochemical parameters in different tissues of Oreochromis niloticus. Twenty pesticide residues were detected in superficial water samples, and two of them are banned in Brazilian territory. Atrazine (0.56 µg L-1), azoxystrobin (0.024 µg L-1), and imidacloprid (0.11 µg L-1) were the most frequently herbicide, fungicide, and insecticide, respectively, found in the river and were used in the laboratory assay. O. niloticus exposed to the pesticide mixture exhibited more biochemical effects than individualized exposure groups. This response can be a result of the combined pesticide effects, culminating in an additive or synergistic effect, depending on the biomarker. In individual exposure groups, atrazine presented the most pronounced alterations, followed by azoxystrobin and imidacloprid. Overall, pesticide exposure increased levels of oxidative stress parameters, reduced antioxidant enzyme activities, and induced acetylcholinesterase activity. These findings highlight the threat to aquatic organisms which may be exposed to a miscellaneous of toxic compounds in the environment.

Asunto(s)

Atrazina , Cíclidos , Plaguicidas , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Animales , Brasil , Plaguicidas/toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad

RESUMEN

Brazilian freshwater ecosystems are continuously exposed to pesticides and domestic sewage. The Uruguay River was chosen for this study because of its international importance, as it flows through Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. It receives contaminants such as pesticides and domestic residues. Thus, the aim of this study to assess the accumulation of pesticides in muscle of the fish Astyanax jacuhiensis, its biochemical responses, and the presence of pesticides in water. In total, seven pesticides were registered in water from both river sites. Eight pesticides were detected in fish muscle. The biochemical responses showed that brain lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein carbonyl (PC) in A. jacuhiensis were higher in the summer. Muscle showed the highest LPO levels in the spring and the highest PC in the summer. Liver LPO and PC levels were higher in the spring and summer. In the gills, the PC was higher in the spring and the LPO in the spring and winter. In the brain and in the gills, glutathione-S-transferase activity was high in the summer and autumn. Catalase activity was lower during the winter and spring. Non-protein thiol (NPSH) levels were lower in the brain in the winter and spring. Muscle tissue showed lower NPSH in the winter (site 1). Liver NPSH showed increased levels in liver in the spring and winter (site 2). The biochemical results clearly is related to pesticides and/or to the presence of other contaminants in the water such as metals or domestic sewage. The accumulation of pesticides in fish muscle added evidence that pesticides have been used in the area surrounding the Uruguay River. In conclusion, the biomarkers assayed in the present study could be used in future investigations considering other sampling sites along Uruguay River.

Asunto(s)

Characidae/fisiología , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Plaguicidas/toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Animales , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Brasil , Characidae/metabolismo , Characiformes/metabolismo , Characiformes/fisiología , Ecosistema , Branquias/metabolismo , Peroxidación de Lípido , Metales/metabolismo , Plaguicidas/análisis , Ríos/química , Estaciones del Año , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis

RESUMEN

The organic selenium compound diphenyl diselenide (DD) has been recognized as an antioxidant and neuroprotective agent, exerting an anti-hyperglycemic effect in experimental models of diabetes. However, the precise mechanisms involved in the protection are unclear. Using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model organism, here we investigated biomarkers underlying the protective effects of DD against hyperglycemia, targeting in a transcriptional approach the redox and insulin-signaling pathway. Fish were fed on a diet containing DD (3 mg/kg) for 74 days. In the last 14 days, they were exposed to a 111 mM glucose solution to induce a hyperglycemic state. DD reduced blood glucose levels as well as normalized the brain mRNA transcription of four insulin receptors-coding genes (Insra1, Insra2, Insrb1, Insrb2), which were down-regulated by glucose. DD alone caused an up-regulation of relative mRNA transcription in both Insra receptors and glucose transporter 3 genes. DD counteracted hyperglycemia-induced lipid peroxidation, protein and thiol depletion. Along with the decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD and GPx, the brain of hyperglycemic fish presented a reduction in mRNA transcription of FoxO3A, FoxO3B, Nrf2, GPx3A, SOD1, and SOD2 genes. Besides normalizing the transcriptional levels, DD caused an up-regulation of relative mRNAs that encode Nrf2, FoxO1A, FOXO3A, GPx4A, PTP1B, AKT and SelP. Collectively, our findings suggest that the antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic actions of DD in a zebrafish diabetes model are likely associated with the regulation of the oxidative stress resistance and the insulin-signaling pathway and that could be related to the modulation at mRNA level of two important transcription factors, Nrf2 and FoxO.

Asunto(s)

Antioxidantes , Pez Cebra , Animales , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Derivados del Benceno , Hipoglucemiantes , Insulina , Compuestos de Organoselenio , Oxidación-Reducción , Estrés Oxidativo , Transducción de Señal

RESUMEN

Intensive agricultural and livestock activities demand high pesticide use and, consequently, contaminants reach aquatic ecosystems. In the lower Jacuí River, southern Brazil, there is a lack of knowledge about pesticide residues in water samples and the biochemical responses in native fish species. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the influence of pesticide residues and water parameters to biomarker responses in the native fish Astyanax spp. We performed seasonal biomonitoring in 2017 with water samples and fish collections. Biomarkers of oxidative stress, antioxidants, biotransformation, and neurotoxicity were analyzed in fish tissues. Fourteen pesticide residues were detected; they presented correlations with detoxification enzyme and oxidative stress biomarkers. These data indicate that most of variations can be related to the pesticide presence in water indicating high aquatic pollution in this place.

Asunto(s)

Characidae/metabolismo , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Plaguicidas/análisis , Ríos/química , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Calidad del Agua/normas , Agricultura , Animales , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Brasil , Ecosistema , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Plaguicidas/metabolismo , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/metabolismo

RESUMEN

The object discrimination test allows the testing of different memory retention periods. However, few behavioral endpoints have been measured in fish species such that retention is often assessed using a single parameter (time spent in object area). Here, we aimed to explore the object discrimination test in zebrafish by assessing their behavioral performance after 1 or 24 h retention interval periods. To characterize putative interaction-like behaviors, fish were tested in the absence or presence of scopolamine (1 h before test session). Zebrafish were habituated for 3 consecutive days in the experimental tank, and training session was performed for 10 min using two identical nonpreferred objects (black cube or sphere). After the retention intervals, a familiar object was replaced by a novel object (test session, 10 min). Fish were also exposed to the novel tank diving test to assess locomotion and anxiety-like behaviors. At 1 h retention interval, animals performed more circular-like investigation near the familiar object, whereas 24 h after training session, a prominent rapid investigation was observed when animals explore the nonfamiliar object. Because scopolamine abolished these phenotypes, as well as the increased time spent in the novel object area during the test without changing locomotion and anxiety-related parameters, the behavioral responses described here may predictively reflect interaction-like behaviors involved in object discrimination memory in zebrafish models.

Asunto(s)

Cognición/efectos de los fármacos , Trastornos de la Memoria/fisiopatología , Nootrópicos/farmacología , Reconocimiento Visual de Modelos/efectos de los fármacos , Escopolamina/farmacología , Pez Cebra/fisiología , Animales , Trastornos de la Memoria/inducido químicamente

RESUMEN

Zinc is an essential trace mineral that is involved in many biological processes. In elevated concentrations, this metal may have toxic effects for aquatic organisms. Physicochemical properties of water, such as salinity and hardness, can influence the bioavailability of zinc and, therefore its toxicity in aquatic environments. Therefore, this study aimed investigate the influence of salinity, hardness on Zn toxicity on the behaviours and biochemical parameters of the estuarine guppy (Poecilia vivipara). The fish were exposed to waterborne zinc (500 µg L-1) in salt water (25 ppt) or hard water (120 mg L-1 CaCO3). For behavioural analysis, the locomotive and exploratory parameters of fish in novel environment and light-dark tests were evaluated. We observed that exposure to hard water decreased the distance covered by the fish, and when zinc also present the vertical exploratory behavior decreased. When zinc was tested alone, an increase in the maximum speed of fish was recorded. Activities of antioxidant enzymes, levels of lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, total peroxidation and, reactive oxygen species content, antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals, non-proteins thiols levels, acetylcholinesterase and Na+/K+-ATPase activities were evaluated in the whole fish body. The integrated biomarker response was calculated for each parameter to aid in the interpretation of the results and indicated that hard water containing zinc had the greatest effect on the biochemical parameters of the fish. In general, neither salinity nor hardness were totally effective in protecting the guppy from the biochemical damage caused by exposure to zinc.

Asunto(s)

Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Zinc/metabolismo , Zinc/toxicidad , Animales , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Branquias/metabolismo , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Poecilia , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Salinidad , Agua/química , Agua/metabolismo , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad

RESUMEN

Previous findings showed that the nanoencapsulation of diphenyl diselenide [(PhSe)2], an organoselenium compound, provided superior biological effects and lower toxicological potential than its free form in vitro. However, few studies reported the behavioral and biochemical effects of this nanocapsules formulation in vivo. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as a useful animal model to determine the pharmacological and toxicological effects of nanoparticles. Here, we evaluated the behavioral and brain oxidative effects after zebrafish exposure to (PhSe)2-loaded nanocapsules. Formulations were prepared by interfacial deposition of preformed polymer method and later tested at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 2.0 µM. Both locomotor and exploratory activities were assessed in the novel tank diving test. Moreover, brain oxidative status was determined by measuring thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance levels, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione redutase and glutathione S-transferase activities. (PhSe)2-loaded nanocapsules showed no alteration on travelled distance, immobility, and erratic swimming, suggesting the absence of behavioral impairments. Interestingly, the higher concentration tested had anxiolytic-like effects, since animals spent more time in the top area and showed a decreased thigmotaxis behavior. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that the concentrations used in this study did not affect oxidative stress-related parameters in brain samples, reinforcing the low toxicological potential of the formulation. In conclusion, the exposure to (PhSe)2-loaded nanocapsules caused no locomotor impairments as well as did not modify the oxidative status of zebrafish brain, indicating that this formulation is probably non-toxic and promising for future pharmacological studies.

Asunto(s)

Derivados del Benceno/administración & dosificación , Derivados del Benceno/farmacología , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Nanocápsulas/administración & dosificación , Compuestos de Organoselenio/administración & dosificación , Compuestos de Organoselenio/farmacología , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Polímeros/administración & dosificación , Pez Cebra/metabolismo , Animales , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Femenino , Masculino

RESUMEN

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures, which culminate in various neurobehavioral and neurochemical changes. Taurine (TAU) is an amino sulfonic acid which acts an endogenous inhibitory neuromodulator. Moreover, TAU displays intrinsic antioxidant activity, contributing to its beneficial actions in the CNS. Here, we evaluated whether TAU pretreatment protects from pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced behavioral alterations and oxidative stress-related parameters in zebrafish brain tissue. Fish were pretreated with 42, 150, and 400 mg/L TAU (40 min) and further exposed to 10 mM PTZ (20 min) to analyze the seizure-like behaviors. As a positive control, another group was previously treated with 75 µM diazepam (DZP). Afterwards, biochemical experiments were performed. All TAU concentrations tested decreased seizure intensity in the first 150 s. Importantly, 150 mg/L TAU attenuated seizure-like behavioral scores, decreased seizure intensity, reduced the frequency of clonic-like seizures (score 4), and increased the latency to score 4. TAU (150 mg/L) also prevented oxidative stress in PTZ-challenged fish by decreasing lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation and preventing changes on nonprotein thiol levels. No significant changes were observed in MTT assay and LDH activity. Differently than observed in DZP group, TAU did not affect the overall swimming activity of fish, suggesting different mechanisms of action. Collectively, we show that TAU attenuates PTZ-induced seizure-like behaviors and brain oxidative stress in zebrafish, suggesting the involvement of antioxidant mechanisms in neuroprotection.

Asunto(s)

Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Química Encefálica/efectos de los fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Taurina/farmacología , Pez Cebra/metabolismo , Animales , Antioxidantes , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/enzimología , Encéfalo/patología , Muerte Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Diazepam/farmacología , Femenino , Masculino , Neuroquímica , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Pentilenotetrazol , Fenotipo , Carbonilación Proteica/efectos de los fármacos , Convulsiones/patología , Natación , Sustancias Reactivas al Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Epilepsy is characterized by abnormal and recurrent hyperexcitability in brain cells. Various comorbidities are associated with epilepsy, including irritability and aggressive behavior. Aggression is a negative effect observed in epileptic patients that may be harmful to other individuals, impairing social relations. Thus, developing novel experimental models to assess behavioral phenotypes that may comorbid with neurological disorders are of great interest. Here, we investigate whether pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) increases aggression in zebrafish following a single exposure. Animals were exposed to 10 mM PTZ for 20 min and aggression-towards mirror was measured at different time intervals after recovering period (1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h). We observed that zebrafish showed exacerbated aggression, as well as an increased number of entries in the virtual conspecific area from 1 h to 48 h after PTZ. However, no behavioral differences were observed after 72 h. Overall, our novel findings show that a single PTZ exposure evokes aggression in a time-dependent manner, reinforcing the use of zebrafish models to explore epilepsy-related comorbidities.

Asunto(s)

Agresión/efectos de los fármacos , Antagonistas del GABA/administración & dosificación , Pentilenotetrazol/administración & dosificación , Convulsiones/inducido químicamente , Animales , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Masculino , Pez Cebra

RESUMEN

The use of commercial pesticides combinations increases the risk of intoxication in non-target aquatic organisms. Here, we investigate the potential of a commercial pesticide formulation containing (CYP) plus chlorpyrifos (CPF) to induce oxidative damage on two fish species (common carp and zebrafish). Carp and zebrafish were exposed for 96 h under laboratory conditions. Fish were divided in three different groups: CTL, 0.3 µg L-1 or 0.6 µg L-1 of CYP and 0.5 or 1 µg L-1 of CPF in commercial formulation. Both carp and zebrafish showed an increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity when compared to control group. Other oxidative parameters responded differently to exposure in carp and zebrafish. There were an increase in ascorbic acid (ASA) levels and decrease in catalase (CAT) activity and non-protein thiols (NPSH) levels in treated groups of carps. In the other hand, zebrafish showed significant decrease in ASA and increase in CAT activity and NPSH levels. Overall, we demonstrate noxious effects on redox parameters in two fish experimental models and different effects were observe in each fish species exposed to commercial pesticide formulation. This difference responses observed can be related with specific mechanisms of detoxification and antioxidant defense system of each species.

Asunto(s)

Carpas/fisiología , Cloropirifos/toxicidad , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Plaguicidas/toxicidad , Piretrinas/toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Pez Cebra/fisiología , Animales , Ácido Ascórbico/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Catalasa/metabolismo , Femenino , Proteínas de Peces/metabolismo , Glutatión Transferasa/metabolismo , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Concentración Osmolar , Especificidad de la Especie , Compuestos de Sulfhidrilo , Pruebas de Toxicidad Aguda

RESUMEN

Considering the antioxidant properties of sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) and the involvement of oxidative stress events in paraquat-induced neurotoxicity, this study investigated the protective effect of dietary Na2SeO3 on biochemical and behavioral parameters of zebrafish exposed to paraquat (PQ). Fish were pretreated with a Na2SeO3 diet for 21 days and then PQ (20 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally with six injections for 16 days. In the novel tank test, the Na2SeO3 diet prevented the locomotor impairments, as well as the increase in the time spent in the top area of the tank, and the exacerbation of freezing episodes. In the preference for conspecifics and in the mirror-induced aggression (MIA) tasks, Na2SeO3 prevented the increase in the latency to enter the area closer to conspecifics and the agonistic behavior of PQ-treated animals, respectively. Na2SeO3 prevented the increase of carbonylated protein (CP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitrite/nitrate (NOx) levels, as well as the decrease in non-protein thiols (NPSH) levels. Regarding the antioxidant enzymatic defenses, Na2SeO3 prevented the increase in catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities caused by PQ. Altogether, dietary Na2SeO3 improves behavioral and biochemical function impaired by PQ treatment in zebrafish, by modulating not only redox parameters, but also anxiety- and aggressive-like phenotypes in zebrafish.

Asunto(s)

Herbicidas/toxicidad , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/administración & dosificación , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Paraquat/toxicidad , Selenito de Sodio/administración & dosificación , Animales , Locomoción/efectos de los fármacos , Locomoción/fisiología , Estrés Oxidativo/fisiología , Sustancias Reactivas al Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismo , Pez Cebra

RESUMEN

This study aimed to identify the 516 G>T polymorphism of the CYP2B6 gene and evaluate its influence on central nervous system (CNS) side effect development in HIV-positive individuals undergoing Efavirenz (EFV) treatment in a population from southern Brazil. Additionally, we performed a survey on the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of our sample. In addition to medical records evaluation, whole blood of 89 individuals was analyzed for viral load, T lymphocyte count (CD4+ and CD8+), and the polymorphism. Considering the side effects of the CNS reported by individuals but without considering the genetic variables, no statistically significant association was noted between the adverse effects and the antiretroviral treatment (including or not EFV). In addition, no statistically significant difference was noted for the influence of genotype on the viral load or the number of T lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+) among individuals undergoing EFV treatment. This is the first study that investigated the impact of the 516 G>T polymorphism of the CYP2B6 gene among HIV-positive individuals from southern Brazil. Its clinical significance indicates the need for prospective studies in this population.

Asunto(s)

Benzoxazinas/efectos adversos , Sistema Nervioso Central/efectos de los fármacos , Citocromo P-450 CYP2B6/genética , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por VIH/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Inhibidores de la Transcriptasa Inversa/efectos adversos , Adulto , Alquinos , Benzoxazinas/uso terapéutico , Relación CD4-CD8 , Ciclopropanos , Femenino , Genotipo , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Inhibidores de la Transcriptasa Inversa/uso terapéutico , Carga Viral

RESUMEN

ABSTRACT This study aimed to identify the 516 G>T polymorphism of the CYP2B6 gene and evaluate its influence on central nervous system (CNS) side effect development in HIV-positive individuals undergoing Efavirenz (EFV) treatment in a population from southern Brazil. Additionally, we performed a survey on the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of our sample. In addition to medical records evaluation, whole blood of 89 individuals was analyzed for viral load, T lymphocyte count (CD4+ and CD8+), and the polymorphism. Considering the side effects of the CNS reported by individuals but without considering the genetic variables, no statistically significant association was noted between the adverse effects and the antiretroviral treatment (including or not EFV). In addition, no statistically significant difference was noted for the influence of genotype on the viral load or the number of T lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+) among individuals undergoing EFV treatment. This is the first study that investigated the impact of the 516 G>T polymorphism of the CYP2B6 gene among HIV-positive individuals from southern Brazil. Its clinical significance indicates the need for prospective studies in this population.

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Infecciones por VIH/genética , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Sistema Nervioso Central/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores de la Transcriptasa Inversa/efectos adversos , Benzoxazinas/efectos adversos , Citocromo P-450 CYP2B6/genética , Estudios Prospectivos , Relación CD4-CD8 , Inhibidores de la Transcriptasa Inversa/uso terapéutico , Carga Viral , Benzoxazinas/uso terapéutico , Genotipo

RESUMEN

Paraquat (PQ) administration consists in a chemical model that mimics phenotypes observed in Parkinson's disease (PD), due to its ability to induce changes in dopaminergic system and oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the actions of PQ in behavioral functions of adult zebrafish and its influence on oxidative stress biomarkers in brain samples. PQ (20 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally with six injections for 16 days (one injection every 3 days). PQ-treated group showed a significant decrease in the time spent in the bottom section and a shorter latency to enter the top area in the novel tank test. Moreover, PQ-exposed fish showed a significant decrease in the number and duration of risk assessment episodes in the light-dark test, as well as an increase in the agonistic behavior in the mirror-induced aggression (MIA) test. PQ induced brain damage by decreasing mitochondrial viability. Concerning the antioxidant defense system, PQ increased catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, as well as the non-protein sulfhydryl content (NPSH), but did not change ROS formation and decreased lipid peroxidation. We demonstrate, for the first time, that PQ induces an increase in aggressive behavior, alters non-motor patterns associated to defensive behaviors, and changes redox parameters in zebrafish brain. Overall, our findings may serve as useful tools to investigate the interaction between behavioral and neurochemical impairments triggered by PQ administration in zebrafish.

Asunto(s)

Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Lesiones Encefálicas/patología , Paraquat/toxicidad , Pez Cebra/fisiología , Agresión/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Conducta Exploratoria/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Locomoción/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino