RESUMEN
ObjectivesThis study investigates whether recreational marijuana legislation and perceived social norms (descriptive and injunctive) affect college students' propensity to share pro-marijuana messages. We examine which referent group (close friends, typical student, parents) most influence those norms. Participants: A sample of 343 college students participated in the study. Of these students, 214 were from Washington State, where recreational marijuana is legal, and 129 were from Wyoming, where recreational marijuana is illegal. Method: Data, from an online survey, were analyzed through PROCESS analyses. Results: College students in Washington State who believed a typical peer would want them to share pro-marijuana messaging were marginally more likely to share pro-marijuana messages than their counterparts in Wyoming. However, among students who thought a typical peer would not approve of them sharing pro-marijuana messaging, the opposite pattern emerged. Conclusion: Restrictive recreational marijuana legislation does not uniformly abate related message sharing on social media.
Asunto(s)
Cannabis , Medios de Comunicación Sociales , Humanos , Estudiantes , Universidades , Grupo Paritario , Normas SocialesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Non-Hispanic black (NHB) pregnant women disproportionately experience adverse birth outcomes compared to Non-Hispanic white (NHW) pregnant women. The positive effects of prenatal exercise on maternal and neonatal health may mitigate these disparities. This study evaluated the influence of prenatal exercise on racial/ethnic disparities in gestational age (GA), birthweight (BW), and risks of preterm birth (PTB), cesarean section (CS), and low-birthweight (LBW) neonates. METHODS: This study performed a secondary data analysis using data from a 24-week, two-arm exercise intervention trial (ENHANCED by Mom). Women with singleton pregnancies (< 16 weeks), aged 18-40 years, BMI between 18.5-34.99 kg/m2, and no preexisting health conditions were eligible. The aerobic exercisers (EX) participated in 150 min of moderate-intensity weekly exercise while non-exercising controls (CON) attended low-intensity stretching/breathing sessions. Data on GA, PTB (< 37 weeks), BW, LBW (< 2.5 kg), and delivery mode were collected. Poisson, median and linear regressions were performed. RESULTS: Participants with complete data (n = 125) were eligible for analyses (EX: n = 58, CON: n = 67). NHB pregnant women delivered lighter neonates (ß = - 0.43 kg, 95% CI: - 0.68, - 0.18, p = 0.001). After adjusting for prenatal exercise, racial/ethnic disparities in BW were reduced (ß = - 0.39 kg, 95% CI: - 0.65, - 0.13, p = 0.004). Prenatal exercise reduced borderline significant racial/ethnic disparities in PTB (p = 0.053) and GA (p = 0.07) with no effects found for CS and LBW. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study demonstrate that prenatal exercise may attenuate the racial/ethnic disparities observed in neonatal BW, and possibly GA and PTB. Larger, diverse samples and inclusion of maternal biomarkers (e.g., cytokines) are encouraged to further evaluate these relationships.
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Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Terapia por Ejercicio/métodos , Disparidades en el Estado de Salud , Nacimiento Prematuro/epidemiología , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Cesárea/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Salud del Lactante , Recién Nacido de Bajo Peso , Recién Nacido , Embarazo , Nacimiento Prematuro/prevención & control , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
This study investigated the impact of food claims, food cues, and objective health characteristics on health categorization speed and accuracy, believability of claims and perceptions of health, and taste for food items. One hundred twenty-four young adults were exposed to counterbalanced food item images, which varied by directness of visual food cues, type of food claims (health-related vs. taste-related), and objective healthfulness in a fully crossed design across three different food items. Participants categorized the foods as healthy or unhealthy in a speeded task and evaluated the perception of claim believability and perceptions of health and taste after exposure to images of the food items. Direct visual cues, especially when used with health claims, improved health and taste perception ratings and aided believability of health claims even for objectively unhealthy food products.
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Conducta de Elección , Señales (Psicología) , Dieta Saludable , Etiquetado de Alimentos/normas , Alimentos , Percepción , Gusto , Información de Salud al Consumidor , Femenino , Preferencias Alimentarias , Humanos , Masculino , Mercadotecnía , Valor Nutritivo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Negative attitudes toward being overweight or obese are widespread, and these notions perpetuate into conceptions about one's health. Clinically, being overweight is associated with health problems such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and many other illnesses. African American women, who are generally larger in body size, are a particular target for health interventions. However, these women have resisted the "obesity" label, arguing that dominant measures of health are White norms and oppressive. Through the use of in-depth interviews, this study investigates how African American women understand and experience healthfulness, body image, and barriers to each. Findings show that African American women are ambivalent in their acceptance of dominant markers of health and expressed an almost universal disdain for the thin ideal as a marker of "good" health and a positive body image. Moreover, participants articulated a suspicion of formal medical measurements of obesity.
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Belleza , Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Imagen Corporal/psicología , Estado de Salud , Obesidad/etnología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Actitud Frente a la Salud , Índice de Masa Corporal , Femenino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Asunto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud/etnología , Factores Socioeconómicos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
To examine the potential effectiveness of media literacy education in the context of well-established personality factors, a survey of 472 young adults, focused on the issue of alcohol marketing messages, examined how individual differences in personality associate with constructs representing aspects of media literacy. The results showed that need for cognition predicted social expectancies and wishful identification with media portrayals in alcohol advertising only through critical thinking about media sources and media content, which are foci of media literacy education. Need for affect did not associate with increased or diminished levels of critical thinking. Critical thinking about sources and messages affected skepticism, represented by expectancies through wishful identification, consistent with the message interpretation process model. The results support the view that critical thinking about media sources is an important precursor to critical thinking about media messages. The results also suggest that critical thinking about media (i.e., media literacy) reflects more than personality characteristics and can affect wishful identification with role models observed in media, which appears to be a key influence on decision making. This adds support to the view that media literacy education can improve decision making across personality types regarding alcohol use by decreasing the potential influence of alcohol marketing messages.