RESUMEN
Pathology of the rhinencephalon has been a subject of interest in the fields of neurodegenerative diseases, trauma, epilepsy and other neurological conditions. Most of what is known about the human rhinencephalon comes from comparative anatomy studies in other mammals and histological studies in primates. Functional imaging studies can provide new and important insight into the function of the rhinencephalon in humans but have limited spatial resolution, limiting its contribution to the study of the anatomy of the human rhinencephalon. In this study we aim to provide a brief and objective review of the anatomy of this important and often overlooked area of the nervous system.
Asunto(s)
Corteza Olfatoria/anatomía & histología , Humanos , Ilustración Médica , Bulbo Olfatorio/anatomía & histología , Mucosa Olfatoria/anatomía & histología , Neuronas Receptoras OlfatoriasRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Pathology of the rhinencephalon has been a subject of interest in the fields of neurodegenerative diseases, trauma, epilepsy and other neurological conditions. Most of what is known about the human rhinencephalon comes from comparative anatomy studies in other mammals and histological studies in primates. Functional imaging studies can provide new and important insight into the function of the rhinencephalon in humans but have limited spatial resolution, limiting its contribution to the study of the anatomy of the human rhinencephalon. In this study we aim to provide a brief and objective review of the anatomy of this important and often overlooked area of the nervous system.
RESUMO As patologias do rinencéfalo tem sido assunto de interesse para os estudiosos das doenças neurodegenerativas, do traumatismo cranio-encefálico, epilepsia e outras doenças neurológicas. A maior parte do conhecimento sobre a anatomia do rinencéfalo vem de estudos de anatomia comparativa com outros mamíferos e estudos histológicos em primatas. Estudos de imagem funcional, apesar de proporcionarem informações úteis e interessantes a respeito do funcionamento do rinencéfalo em humanos, sofrem de resolução espacial limitada, e portanto contribuem de maneira restrita ao estudo dos limites das áreas anatômicas. Neste artigo buscamos proporcionar ao neurologista e neurocientista interessado uma revisão prática e objetiva da anatomia desta área importante e muitas vezes esquecida do sistema nervoso.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Corteza Olfatoria/anatomía & histología , Ilustración Médica , Neuronas Receptoras Olfatorias , Bulbo Olfatorio/anatomía & histología , Mucosa Olfatoria/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To analyze the clinical presentation and outcome of nontraumatic spontaneous acute spinal subdural hematoma by observing the predictors of outcome. METHODS/RESULTS: This study was based on a case report and systematic review of the international literature. Among the 151 patients, 80 were female and 65 were male (1.25 female/1.0 male). The age distribution ranged from 6 months to 87 years, with a small increase in incidence between the first and second decade of life and a major peak at age 60 years. The difference of proportion of good results between patients with and without established neurologic deficits was: 0.488, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.237-0.648, P = 2.71e-08; coagulopathy was 0.335, 95% CI 0.163-0.508, P = 0.0002; SAH was 0.0539, 95% CI -0.119 to 0.226, P = 0.6529; lumbar puncture/associated diseases was 0.149 95% CI -0.032 to 0.330, P = 0.1171; surgery was 0.0593, 95% CI -0.114 to 0.233, P = 0.5838; and hematoma extension equal or longer than 5 levels was 0.010 95% CI -0.178 to 0.197, P = 1. CONCLUSIONS: Although mortality and morbidity associated with nontraumatic spontaneous acute spinal subdural hematoma has decreased during the last 2 decades, the disease still carries a mortality rate of approximately1.3% and a morbidity (permanent neurologic deficits) rate of 28%. The main factors affecting the outcome are neurologic status at presentation and coagulopathies.