RESUMEN

Introduction: Stroke is one of the leading causes of death in Latin America, a region with countless gaps to be addressed to decrease its burden. In 2018, at the first Latin American Stroke Ministerial Meeting, stroke physician and healthcare manager representatives from 13 countries signed the Declaration of Gramado with the priorities to improve the region, with the commitment to implement all evidence-based strategies for stroke care. The second meeting in March 2020 reviewed the achievements in 2 years and discussed new objectives. This paper will review the 2-year advances and future plans of the Latin American alliance for stroke. Method: In March 2020, a survey based on the Declaration of Gramado items was sent to the neurologists participants of the Stroke Ministerial Meetings. The results were confirmed with representatives of the Ministries of Health and leaders from the countries at the second Latin American Stroke Ministerial Meeting. Results: In 2 years, public stroke awareness initiatives increased from 25 to 75% of countries. All countries have started programs to encourage physical activity, and there has been an increase in the number of countries that implement, at least partially, strategies to identify and treat hypertension, diabetes, and lifestyle risk factors. Programs to identify and treat dyslipidemia and atrial fibrillation still remained poor. The number of stroke centers increased from 322 to 448, all of them providing intravenous thrombolysis, with an increase in countries with stroke units. All countries have mechanical thrombectomy, but mostly restricted to a few private hospitals. Pre-hospital organization remains limited. The utilization of telemedicine has increased but is restricted to a few hospitals and is not widely available throughout the country. Patients have late, if any, access to rehabilitation after hospital discharge. Conclusion: The initiative to collaborate, exchange experiences, and unite societies and governments to improve stroke care in Latin America has yielded good results. Important advances have been made in the region in terms of increasing the number of acute stroke care services, implementing reperfusion treatments and creating programs for the detection and treatment of risk factors. We hope that this approach can reduce inequalities in stroke care in Latin America and serves as a model for other under-resourced environments.

RESUMEN

Resumen: La enfermedad de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (ECJ) es una patología neurodegenerativa transmisible, producida por una proteína anómala infectante denominada prion. Junto con el kuru, el insomnio familiar fatal y el síndrome de Gerstmann-Stráussler-Scheinker, configura el grupo de las llamadas encefalopatías espongiformes. La ECJ es la forma más común en el ser humano: se calcula que afecta a una persona por cada millón, a nivel mundial, y la mayoría de los pacientes presenta síntomas clásicos de demencia y mioclonías, asociadas a cambios específicos en el electroencefalograma (EEG). Conforme la enfermedad progresa, el cuadro demencial empeora y pueden presentarse síntomas visuales, cerebelosos, piramidales y extrapiramidales. El diagnóstico definitivo se logra demostrando la degeneración espongiforme de las neuronas en histopatología. La ECJ siempre es mortal y no tiene tratamiento específico: cerca del 90% de los pacientes fallece dentro del primer año después del diagnóstico. En este artículo, se reporta el caso de un paciente con ECJ esporádica probable, de acuerdo con los criterios diagnósticos actuales de la OMS y se da a conocer una revisión de la literatura.

Abstract: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a transmissible neurodegenerative pathology produced by an infecting abnormal protein called prion. Together with kuru, fatal familial insomnia, and Gerstmann-Stráussler-Scheinker syndrome, it forms the group of so-called spongiform encephalopathies. CJD is the most common form in humans: it is estimated to affect one person per million worldwide and most patients have classic symptoms of dementia and myoclonus, associated with specific changes in the electroencephalogram (EEG). As the disease progresses, the dementia condition worsens and visual, cerebellar, pyramidal, and extrapyramidal symptoms may develop. The final diagnosis is achieved by proving the spongiform degeneration of neurons in the histopathology. CJD is always fatal and has no specific treatment: about 90 % of patients die within the first year of diagnosis. This article reports the case of a patient with probable sporadic CJD, following current who diagnostic criteria, and provides a literature review.

Resumo: A doença de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (DCJ) é uma doença patologia neurodegenerativa transmissível, produzida por uma proteína anormal infectante denominada prion. Juntamente com o kuru, a Insónia familiar fatal e a síndrome de Gerstmann-Stráussler-Scheinker, forma o grupo das chamadas encefalopatias espongiformes. A DCJ é a forma mais comum em humanos: estima-se que ela afete uma em cada um milhão de pessoas em todo o mundo, e a maioria dos pacientes apresenta sintomas clássicos de demência e mioclonia, associados a alterações específicas no eletroencefalograma (EEG). À medida que a doença progride, o quadro de demência piora e podem surgir sintomas visuais, ce-rebelares, piramidais e extrapiramidais. O diagnóstico definitivo é obtido por meio da demonstração da degeneração espongiforme dos neurónios na histopatologia. A dcj é sempre fatal e não possui tratamento específico: cerca de 90% dos pacientes morrem no primeiro ano após o diagnóstico. Neste artigo, é relatado o caso de um paciente com dcj esporádica provável, de acordo com os atuais critérios de diagnóstico da oms, e é apresentada uma revisão da literatura.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The large and increasing burden of stroke in Latin American countries, and the need to meet the UN and WHO requirements for reducing the burden from non-communicable disorders (including stroke), brought together stroke experts and representatives of the Ministries of Health of 13 Latin American countries for the 1st Latin American Stroke Ministerial meeting in Gramado, Brazil, to discuss the problem and identify ways of cooperating to reduce the burden of stroke in the region. Discussions were focused on the regional and country-specific activities associated with stroke prevention and treatment, including public stroke awareness, prevention strategies, delivery and organisation of care, clinical practice gaps, and unmet needs. The meeting culminated with the adoption of the special Gramado Declaration, signed by all Ministerial officials who attended the meeting. With agreed priorities for stroke prevention, treatment, and research, an opportunity now exists to translate this Declaration into an action plan to reduce the burden of stroke.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

INTRODUCIÓN: en Colombia el ataque cerebrovascular (ACV) es un enorme problema de salud pública, es la tercera causa de muerte y la segunda de años de vida potenciales perdidos (AVPP). El rt-PA ha demostrado su costo-efectividad en el tratamiento del ACV. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: para estimar el costo-efectividad de la terapia trmbolítica se comparo la terpia usual contra la aplicación de terapia usual mas rt-PA, se calculo el costo del tratamiento y se calcularon los costo tanto de la complicación hemorrágica como de la discapacidad aguda y crónica en pesos colombianos con base en un tarifario de uso corriente en el sistema de salud nacional y se calculo la expectativa d evid apara un paciente típico de ACV. Dado que en Colombia no hay estudios de trombólisis se extrajeron los datos de ensayos con rt-PA, controlados con placebo; también se analizaron los meta-análisis sobre este tema. RESULTADOS: aunque el costo de la terapia usual es menor que el de la terpia combinada con rt-PA ésta es más efectiva y brinda una mejor costo efectivida (diferencia de 1,07 años de vida ajustados por QALYS), es decir que por cada año asi ajustado se deben invertir $1.138.373 pesos, como se demostró en el análisis de sensibilidad realizado para estos hallazgos. CONCLUSIÓN: la trombólisis con rt-PA es costo-efectiva en Colombia con las tarifas actuales del sistema y en los diversos escenarios contemplados en el análisis de sensibildad.

INTRODUCTION: stroke is a major public health problem in Colombia, is the third leading cause of death and second of potential life years lost. rt-PA has proven its cost-effectiveness in the treatment of ischaemic stroke. PATIENTS AND METHODS: to estimate the cost-effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy, usual therapy was compared against the application of usual therapy and rt-PA, cost treatments was calculate. The cost of both: hemorrhagic complications, acute and chronic disability was done in Colombian pesos based on a current price in national health system, life expectancy was calculated too for a typical stroke patient. Given that in Colombia there are no studies of thrombolytic theraphy we extracted data from trials with rt-PA and placebo-controlled, and also analyzed some meta-analysis on this subject. RESULTS: although the cost of usual therapy is less than the combined therapy, this one is more effective and it provides a better cost-efectiveness (difference of 1.07 years of life QALYS adjusted), meaning that for each year of life, the national healt system must invest $ 1,138,373 pesos, as demonstrated in the sensitivity analysis performed for these findings. CONCLUSION: thrombolysis with rt-PA is cost-effective in Colombia, with current prices of health system in differents sensitivity analysis.

Asunto(s)