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Gallbladder cancer (GBC) mortality in Chile is among the highest worldwide. In 2006, the Chilean government launched a programme guaranteeing access to gallbladder surgery (cholecystectomy) for patients aged 35-49 years. We evaluated the impact of this programme on digestive cancer mortality. After conducting an interrupted time series analysis of hospitalisation and mortality data from 2002 to 2018 publicly available from the Chilean Department of Health Statistics and Information, we calculated the change in the proportion of individuals without gallbladder since 10 years. We then estimated age, gender, region, and calendar-year standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) as a function of the change in the proportion of individuals without gallbladder. The cholecystectomy rate increased by 45 operations per 100,000 persons per year (95%CI 19-72) after the introduction of the health programme. Each 1% increase in the proportion of individuals without gallbladder since 10 years was associated with a 0.73% decrease in GBC mortality (95% CI -1.05% to -0.38%), but the negative correlation was limited to women, southern Chile and age over 60. We also found decreasing mortality rates for extrahepatic bile duct, liver, oesophageal and stomach cancer with increasing proportions of individuals without gallbladder. To conclude, 12 years after its inception, the Chilean cholecystectomy programme has markedly and heterogeneously changed cholecystectomy rates. Results based on aggregate data indicate a negative correlation between the proportion of individuals without gallbladder and mortality due to gallbladder and other digestive cancers, which requires validation using individual-level longitudinal data to reduce the potential impact of ecological bias.
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Colecistectomía , Neoplasias de la Vesícula Biliar , Análisis de Series de Tiempo Interrumpido , Humanos , Chile/epidemiología , Colecistectomía/estadística & datos numéricos , Colecistectomía/métodos , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Masculino , Adulto , Neoplasias de la Vesícula Biliar/mortalidad , Neoplasias de la Vesícula Biliar/cirugía , Neoplasias de la Vesícula Biliar/epidemiología , Neoplasias del Sistema Digestivo/cirugía , Neoplasias del Sistema Digestivo/mortalidad , Anciano , Análisis de DatosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Variants in intracellular calcium transport genes have been associated with syndromic immunodeficiencies with a SCID phenotype. CASE REPORT: Seven-year-old girl of non-consanguineous parents, in Cartagena-Colombia. At two months of age, he presented hematochezia and was diagnosed with alimentary proctolitis without improvement with restriction to milk, wheat and eggs, and malnutrition developed. At eight months, a colon biopsy shows chronic lymphoid hyperplasia, presenting with anemia, eosinophilia, but total and specific IgE to normal foods. After four years, the Immunology Service found her asymptomatic, nutritionally recovered and without allergic sensitization, but eosinophilia and elevated calprotectin persisted, suggesting an early-onset inflammatory bowel disease. Immunoglobulins were normal, lymphocyte populations with CD3, CD4 and CD8 lymphopenia. At six years old, she presented atopic dermatitis, still had elevated calprotectin and was lymphopenic. Immunophenotyping by spectral cytometry using Cytek®cFluor®Immunoprofiling-Kit14 showed lymphopenia and CD4/CD8 inversion. Naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes were decreased, while T-CD8+CD45RA-CCR7- and T-CD8+CD45RA+CCR7- effector memory populations were expanded. Effector and central memory CD4+ T-lymphocytes were also increased1 (Image 1). The exome revealed a heterozygous variant in the ITPR3 gene (carrier father), c.7571G>A, p.(Arg2524His); predictors classify it as having a potential eliminating effect. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical features and immunophenotype of this candidate variant differ from others related to intracellular calcium transport. They are functional studies necessary to validate their causality. A patient with a potentially deleted variant presents an immunophenotype with CD3 lymphopenia and persistent lymphocyte activation.
ANTECEDENTES: Las variantes en genes del transporte de calcio intracelular han sido asociadas a inmunodeficiencias sindrómicas con un fenotipo IDCG. REPORTE DE CASO: Niña de siete años, de padres no consanguíneos, en Cartagena-Colombia. A los dos meses de vida, presenta hematoquecia y se diagnostica con proctolitis alimentaria sin mejoría con restricción a leche, trigo y huevo, desarrollando desnutrición. A los ocho meses, una biopsia de colon muestra hiperplasia linfoide crónica, cursa con anemia, eosinofilia, pero IgE total y específica a alimentos normales. A los cuatro años, el Servicio de Inmunología la encuentra asintomática, recuperada nutricionalmente y sin sensibilización alérgica, pero persiste eosinofilia y calprotectina elevada, sugiriendo una enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal de inicio temprano. Las inmunoglobulinas fueron normales, poblaciones linfocitarias con linfopenia CD3, CD4 y CD8. A los seis años, presenta dermatitis atópica, sigue con calprotectina elevada y linfopénica. El inmunofenotipo por citometría espectral mediante Cytek®cFluor®Immunoprofiling-Kit14, mostró linfopenia e inversión CD4/CD8. Los linfocitos T-vírgenes CD4+ y CD8+ estaban disminuidos, en cambio las poblaciones de memoria efectora T-CD8+CD45RA-CCR7- y T-CD8+CD45RA+CCR7 estaban expandidas. Los linfocitos T-CD4+ de memoria efectora y central, también estaban aumentados1 (Imagen 1). El exoma reveló una variante heterocigótica en el gen ITPR3 (padre portador), c.7571G>A, p.(Arg2524His); los predictores la clasifican como de potencial efecto deletéreo. CONCLUSIONES: La clínica y el inmunofenotipo de esta variante candidata difiere de otras relacionadas con el transporte del calcio intracelular. Son necesarios estudios funcionales para validar su causalidad. Una paciente con una variante potencialmente deletérea, presenta un inmunofenotipo con linfopenia CD3 y activación persistente de los linfocitos.
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Inmunofenotipificación , Receptores de Inositol 1,4,5-Trifosfato , Linfopenia , Humanos , Femenino , Niño , Linfopenia/genética , Linfopenia/etiología , Receptores de Inositol 1,4,5-Trifosfato/genética , Mutación , Citometría de Flujo , Células T de Memoria/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent arrhythmia and is related with significant morbidity, mortality and costs. In spite of relevant advances in the prevention of embolic events and rhythm control, little has been done to reduce its prevalence, progression and impact, since it increases with ageing as well as with common risk factors such as alcohol intake, tobacco use and stress as well as with arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart failure, sleep apnea, kidney failure, chronic pulmonary obstructive disease, ischemic heart disease and stroke, among other important comorbidities. Fortunately, new evidence suggests that lifestyle modifications and adequate risk factors and comorbidities control could be effective in primary and secondary AF prevention, especially in its paroxysmal presentations. This is why a multidisciplinary approach integrating lifestyle modifications, risk factors and comorbidities control, is necessary in conjunction with rhythm or rate control and anticoagulation. Unfortunately, that holistic approach strategy is not considered, is scarcely studied or is subtilized in general clinical practice. The present statement's objectives are to: 1) review the relationship between habits, risk factors and illnesses with AF, 2) review the individual and common physiopathology mechanisms of each one of those conditions that may lead to AF, 3) review the effect of control of habits, risk factors and co-morbidities on the control and impact of AF, and 4) supply guidelines and recommendations to start multidisciplinary and integrative AF treatment.
La fibrilación auricular (FA) es la arritmia más frecuente y se asocia con importante morbilidad, mortalidad y costos. A pesar de los grandes avances en la prevención de eventos embólicos y en el control del ritmo, poco se ha realizado para reducir su prevalencia, progresión e impacto, debido a que incrementa con la edad y con la presencia de múltiples factores de riesgo muy comunes en la población, como obesidad, sedentarismo, alcoholismo, tabaquismo y estrés, así como con hipertensión arterial sistémica, diabetes mellitus, insuficiencia cardiaca, apnea del sueño, enfermedad renal crónica, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, cardiopatía isquémica y enfermedad vascular cerebral, entre otra comorbilidad importante. Afortunadamente, nuevas evidencias demuestran que las modificaciones en el estilo de vida y el control adecuado de los factores de riesgo y de la comorbilidad pueden ser efectivos en la prevención primaria y secundaria de la FA, en especial en sus formas paroxísticas; para ello, es necesario un manejo multidisciplinario que integre las modificaciones en el estilo de vida, el manejo de los factores de riesgo y el control de la comorbilidad en el tratamiento de la FA en conjunto con el control del ritmo o de la frecuencia y la anticoagulación. Por desgracia, en la práctica clínica estas estrategias a menudo no se tienen en cuenta, son infrautilizadas y poco estudiadas. Los objetivos del presente posicionamiento son: 1) revisar la relación de los factores de riesgo y la comorbilidad con la FA, 2) revisar los mecanismos fisiopatológicos de cada una de estas condiciones, 3) revisar el impacto del control de los factores de riesgo y de la comorbilidad en el control y en el impacto de la FA, y 4) proporcionar guías y recomendaciones para la puesta en práctica de programas de tratamiento multidisciplinario e integral en pacientes con FA.
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BACKGROUND: Little is known about the companion animals which tested positive in Mexico for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Due to this, it is that we have documented the infection of companion animals, via an exploratory approach in two localities of the Valley of Mexico, in which the companion animal owners tested positive for COVID-19. METHODS: Oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 21 companion animals. Also, a Reverse-Transcription Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction was used to test five probes in three SARS-CoV-2 genes. More than one-third (5/14) of these samples were positive for SARS CoV-2 corresponding to dogs. RESULTS: This research translates into the first available report on companion animals with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the most populated area of Mexico. Samples were added chronologically to previous reports prepared in other areas of the country, from February through November 2022. CONCLUSION: Although SARS-CoV-2 infection in dogs is not as common as in other animals, our results suggest that it can be transmitted to dogs by their owners to a greater extent than previously reported.
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COVID-19 , Animales , Perros , COVID-19/veterinaria , SARS-CoV-2 , Mascotas , México/epidemiología , AmbienteRESUMEN
AIM: We aimed to investigate the mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic effects of NDGA on differentiated and undifferentiated human neuroblastoma cells (MSN), assessing cell viability, changes in the actin cytoskeleton, cell migration and the expression of the 5-LOX enzyme and the inhibitor of cell cycle progression p21WAF1/CIP1. BACKGROUND: High expression and activity of the lipoxygenase enzyme (LOX) have been detected in several tumors, including neuroblastoma samples, suggesting the use of LOX inhibitors as potential therapy molecules. Among these, the natural compound nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) has been extensively tested as an antiproliferative drug against diverse types of cancer cells. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we analyzed the toxic effect of NDGA on neuroblastoma cells at a dose that did not affect cell survival when they differentiated to a neuron-like phenotype and the potential mechanisms involved in the anticancer properties. METHODS: We exposed human neuroblastoma cells (MSN) to different concentrations of NDGA before and after a differentiation protocol with retinoic acid and nerve growth factor and analyzed cell viability, cell migration, actin cytoskeleton morphology and the levels of the cell cycle inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1 and 5-LOX. RESULTS: We found that differentiated human neuroblastoma cells are more resistant to NDGA than undifferentiated cells. The toxic effects of NDGA were accompanied by reduced cell migration, changes in actin cytoskeleton morphology, induction of p21WAF1/CIP1 and decreased levels of the 5-LOX enzyme. CONCLUSION: This study provides new evidence regarding the potential use of NDGA to induce cell death in human neuroblastoma.
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Diferenciación Celular , Movimiento Celular , Supervivencia Celular , Masoprocol , Neuroblastoma , Humanos , Neuroblastoma/patología , Masoprocol/farmacología , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidor p21 de las Quinasas Dependientes de la Ciclina/metabolismo , Araquidonato 5-Lipooxigenasa/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Tretinoina/farmacología , Inhibidores de la Lipooxigenasa/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Background: Dupilumab is a treatment approved for uncontrolled moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD). Tropical and developing countries such as Colombia have characteristics that may impact the natural history of AD and access to medical treatments. In that sense, we aimed to describe the effectiveness and safety of dupilumab in adults with moderate to severe AD in a Colombian multicenter cohort. Methods: Multicenter descriptive study that included patients who started treatment between March 2018 and May 2020 in 6 centers. Disease severity was assessed using the following: Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD), Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI), Patient Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM), and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). These measurements were collected according to availability at baseline, 3-5 months, 6-12 months, and more than 12 months. Days of sick leave, hospitalizations, and AD flares before and after dupilumab treatment were reported. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded during follow-up. Results: Ninety-three patients were included, with a median age of 32 years (IQR: 24.0; 40.0) and a disease evolution time of 21 years (IQR: 16.0; 29.5). 88.2% had at least 1 allergic disease other than AD. An improvement greater than or equal to 75% EASI was observed in 41.7% of patients at 3-5 months, in 73.7% of patients at 6-12 months, and in 75.0% of patients after 12 months. For those reporting SCORAD and POEM, the median percent change ([IQR], n) from baseline in SCORAD was -67.1 ([-79.2; -54.2], n = 16), -70.5 ([-85.8; -47.9], n = 36) and -66.7 ([-77.3; -51.0], n = 13); and POEM, -58.6 ([-66.4; -55.5], n = 4), -73.0 ([-86.5; -66.7], n = 16) and -87.3 ([-93.4; -69.6], n = 8), respectively. Before initiation of dupilumab treatment, 82 (88.2%) patients reported at least 1 flare of AD in the past 12 months. During the follow-up period, 30 (32.3%) patients reported at least 1 exacerbation or flare. Twelve patients (12.9%) presented an AE and 3 (3.2%) patients discontinued dupilumab for this cause. Conclusions: Dupilumab was effective and safe for the treatment of moderate to severe AD in point-of-care settings, with results similar to randomized controlled and other real-life studies. These positive results are still maintained even though a high number of patients had short interruptions in the use of dupilumab due to administrative problems.
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Laparoscopía , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Teratoma , Humanos , Pancreatectomía , Páncreas , Teratoma/cirugía , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/cirugíaRESUMEN
Resumen Objetivo: Conocer el comportamiento epidemiológico y asociaciones de la FA en población mexicana. Material y métodos: Analizamos 8,686 pacientes de 38 cardiólogos inscritos en REMECAR, divididos por edad y sexo. Comorbilidades estudiadas: obesidad, ERC, HTA, DM, dislipidemia, EVC, EPOC, hipotiroidismo, IC y CI. Programa: IBM SPSS. Resultados: FA en 498 pacientes (5.7%), mayor prevalencia en hombres (6.1 vs. 5.3%), mayor edad en mujeres (74.3 ± 12.1 vs. 70.5 ± 12.3 años, p < 0.0001). En mujeres menores de 60 años la FA se asoció con IC (p = 0.041), en hombres con ERC (p = 0.43), DM (p = 0.009), EVC (p = 0.001), hipotiroidismo (p = 0.001) e IC (p = 0.001). En mujeres mayores de 60 años se asoció con ERC (p = 0.001), dislipidemia (p = 0.001), EVC (p = 0.001), EPOC (p = 0.001) e IC (p = 0.001), en hombres con ERC (p = 0.002), EVC (p = 0.001), EPOC (p = 0.002), hipotiroidismo (p = 0.002), IC (p = 0.001) y CI (p = 0.033). En mujeres la FA se asoció con 1.13 veces mayor probabilidad de obesidad, 1.13 de HTA, 2.8 de ERC, 2.9 de EPOC, 4.3 de EVC y 6.5 de IC, en hombres la FA se asoció con 1.05 veces mas probabilidad de HTA, 1.4 de DM, 2.1 de ERC, 2.4 de EPOC, 3 de hipotiroidismo, 4.7 de EVC y 6 de IC. Conclusiones: La FA es una arritmia muy frecuente, con mayor prevalencia en pacientes que acuden a consulta de cardiología, en hombres y mayor edad de presentación en las mujeres. A mayor edad, mayor prevalencia de FA y de comorbilidades, la IC es la condición más frecuente con la que se asoció la FA.
Abstract Objective: To know the epidemiological behavior and associations of AF in Mexican population. Material and methods: 8,686 patients from 38 cardiologists participating in REMECAR were analyzed. They were divided by gender and age, the comorbidities studied were obesity, chronic kidney disease (CKD), high blood pressure (HBP), diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hypothyroidism, heart failure (HF) and ischemic heart disease (IHD). Program used: IBM SPSS Statistic. Results: AF was diagnosed in 498 patients (5.7%), with higher prevalence in men (6.1% vs. 5.3%) and older age in women (74.3 ± 12.1 vs. 70.5 + -12.3 years, p<0.0001). In those under 60 years, AF was associated in women with HF, in men with CKD, DM, stroke, hypothyroidism and HF. In women older than 60 years, AF was associated with CKD, dyslipidemia, stroke, chronic COPD and HF, in men with CKD, stroke, COPD, hypothyroidism, HF and IHD. AF in women increase the probability 1.13 for obesity, 1.13 for HBP, 2.8 for CKD, 2.9 for COPD, 4.3 for stroke and 6.5 for HF, in men increase the probability 1.05 for HBP, 1.4 for DM, 2.1 for CKD, 2.4 for COPD, 3.0 for hypothyroidism, 4.7 for stroke and 6.0 for HF. Conclusions: AF is a very common arrhythmia, with a higher prevalence in patients attending the cardiology consultation, in men and with an older age of presentation in women. The older the age, the higher the prevalence of AF and comorbidities, HF is the most frequent condition associated with AF.
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OBJECTIVE: To know the epidemiological behavior and associations of AF in Mexican population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 8,686 patients from 38 cardiologists participating in REMECAR were analyzed. They were divided by gender and age, the comorbidities studied were obesity, chronic kidney disease (CKD), high blood pressure (HBP), diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia,stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hypothyroidism, heart failure (HF) and ischemicheart disease (IHD). Program used: IBM SPSS Statistic. RESULTS: AF was diagnosed in 498 patients (5.7%), with higher prevalence in men (6.1% vs. 5.3%) and older age in women (74.3 ± 12.1 vs. 70.5 + -12.3 years, p<0.0001). In those under 60 years, AF was associated in women with HF, in men with CKD, DM, stroke, hypothyroidism and HF. In women older than 60 years, AF was associated with CKD, dyslipidemia, stroke, chronic COPD and HF, in men with CKD, stroke, COPD, hypothyroidism, HF and IHD. AF in women increase the probability 1.13 for obesity, 1.13 for HBP, 2.8 for CKD, 2.9 for COPD, 4.3 for stroke and 6.5 for HF, in men increase the probability 1.05 for HBP, 1.4 for DM, 2.1 for CKD, 2.4 for COPD, 3.0 for hypothyroidism, 4.7 for stroke and 6.0 for HF. CONCLUSIONS: AF is a very common arrhythmia, with a higher prevalence in patients attending the cardiology consultation, in men and with an older age of presentation in women. The older the age, the higher the prevalence of AF and comorbidities, HF is the most frequent condition associated with AF.
OBJETIVO: Conocer el comportamiento epidemiológico y asociaciones de la FA en población mexicana. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Analizamos 8,686 pacientes de 38 cardiólogos inscritos en REMECAR, divididos por edad y sexo. Comorbilidades estudiadas: obesidad, ERC, HTA, DM, dislipidemia, EVC, EPOC, hipotiroidismo, IC y CI. Programa: IBM SPSS. RESULTADOS: FA en 498 pacientes (5.7%), mayor prevalencia en hombres (6.1 vs. 5.3%), mayor edad en mujeres (74.3 ± 12.1 vs. 70.5 ± 12.3 años,p < 0.0001). En mujeres menores de 60 años la FA se asoció con IC (p = 0.041), en hombres con ERC (p = 0.43), DM(p = 0.009), EVC (p = 0.001), hipotiroidismo (p = 0.001) e IC (p = 0.001). En mujeres mayores de 60 años se asoció conERC (p = 0.001), dislipidemia (p = 0.001), EVC (p = 0.001), EPOC (p = 0.001) e IC (p = 0.001), en hombres con ERC(p = 0.002), EVC (p = 0.001), EPOC (p = 0.002), hipotiroidismo (p = 0.002), IC (p = 0.001) y CI (p = 0.033). En mujeres la FA se asoció con 1.13 veces mayor probabilidad de obesidad, 1.13 de HTA, 2.8 de ERC, 2.9 de EPOC, 4.3de EVC y 6.5de IC, en hombres la FA se asoció con 1.05 veces mas probabilidad de HTA, 1.4 de DM, 2.1 de ERC, 2.4 de EPOC, 3 dehipotiroidismo, 4.7 de EVC y 6 de IC. CONCLUSIONES: La FA es una arritmia muy frecuente, con mayor prevalencia en pacientes que acuden a consulta de cardiología, en hombres y mayor edad de presentación en las mujeres. A mayor edad, mayor prevalencia de FA y de comorbilidades, la IC es la condición más frecuente con la que se asoció la FA.
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Fibrilación Atrial , Diabetes Mellitus , Insuficiencia Cardíaca , Hipertensión , Hipotiroidismo , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica , Accidente Cerebrovascular , Fibrilación Atrial/complicaciones , Fibrilación Atrial/diagnóstico , Fibrilación Atrial/epidemiología , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiología , Femenino , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/diagnóstico , Humanos , Hipertensión/complicaciones , Hipertensión/epidemiología , Hipotiroidismo/complicaciones , Hipotiroidismo/epidemiología , Masculino , Obesidad/complicaciones , Obesidad/epidemiología , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/complicaciones , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/epidemiología , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , Accidente Cerebrovascular/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Introduction: The severity of wheezing episodes is related with the need for health services, but the factors associated with health care utilization in preschool recurrent wheezers in underdeveloped regions are unclear. Objective: To evaluate the factors associated with health care utilization in preschool recurrent wheezers in Cartagena, Colombia. Methods: One hundred twenty-seven recurrent wheezers (age 2-6 years old) who were admitted to the emergency room (ER) due to wheezing in a Pediatric reference hospital in Cartagena were included. Children were evaluated by means of questionnaires and classified according to the number of ER visits, need for hospitalization and history of intensive care unit (ICU) admission due to wheezing within the last year. Total serum IgE and specific IgE to house dust mite allergens (HDM) were measured by ImmunoCAP® and allergen sensitization was evaluated by skin prick tests (SPT). Results: The maternal report of nocturnal cough without fever in their children increased the risk to have ≥5 ER visits in the last year due to wheezing. The use of montelukast was negatively associated with hospitalization, while a history of pneumonia and lack of tap water, increased the risk of hospitalization due to wheezing. A history of bronchiolitis, family history of asthma, cohabiting with two or more siblings, passive exposure to smoke and lack of sewage facilities increased the risk of ICU admission due to wheezing. The presence of atopy evaluated by SPT reactivity, total IgE levels or specific IgE to HDM were not associated with health care utilization. We also found that seroprevalence of positive IgE (≥0.35 kU/L) was 27% to B. tropicalis and 20.3% to D. pteronyssinus but the prevalence of positive IgE sensitization to these allergens was below 2% and 8% when evaluated by SPT, respectively. Conclusions: Poverty indicators are associated with ICU admission in a group of preschool recurrent wheezers and should be considered as aggravating factors for wheezing. These factors must be systematically assessed in the medical approach in underdeveloped regions in the tropics. Nocturnal cough without fever is a symptom associated with frequent ER visits while atopy was not associated with health care utilization in preschool recurrent wheezers.
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Synaptic aging has been associated with neuronal circuit dysfunction and cognitive decline. Reduced mitochondrial function may be an early event that compromises synaptic integrity and neurotransmission in vulnerable brain regions during physiological and pathological aging. Thus, we aimed to measure mitochondrial function in synapses from three brain regions at two different ages in the 3xTg-AD mouse model and in wild mice. We found that aging is the main factor associated with the decline in synaptic mitochondrial function, particularly in synapses isolated from the cerebellum. Accumulation of toxic compounds, such as tau and Aß, that occurred in the 3xTg-AD mouse model seemed to participate in the worsening of this decline in the hippocampus. The changes in synaptic bioenergetics were also associated with increased activation of the mitochondrial fission protein Drp1. These results suggest the presence of altered mechanisms of synaptic mitochondrial dynamics and their quality control during aging and in the 3xTg-AD mouse model; they also point to bioenergetic restoration as a useful therapeutic strategy to preserve synaptic function during aging and at the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Envejecimiento/genética , Disfunción Cognitiva/genética , Dinaminas/genética , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Dinámicas Mitocondriales/genética , Envejecimiento/metabolismo , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/genética , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Animales , Cerebelo/metabolismo , Cerebelo/fisiopatología , Corteza Cerebral/metabolismo , Corteza Cerebral/fisiopatología , Disfunción Cognitiva/metabolismo , Disfunción Cognitiva/fisiopatología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Dinaminas/metabolismo , Femenino , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/fisiopatología , Humanos , Potencial de la Membrana Mitocondrial/genética , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Mitocondrias/patología , Neuronas/metabolismo , Neuronas/patología , Especificidad de Órganos , Sinapsis/metabolismo , Sinapsis/patología , Sinaptosomas/metabolismo , Sinaptosomas/patología , Proteínas tau/genética , Proteínas tau/metabolismoRESUMEN
Morphological variation is strongly related to variation in the ecological characteristics and evolutionary history of each taxon. To explore how geographical variation in morphology is related to different climatic gradients and phylogenetic structure, we analyzed the variation of morphological traits (body size, bill, and wing) of 64 species of tyrant flycatchers (Tyrannidae) distributed in Mexico. We measured these morphological traits in specimens from biological collections and related them to the climatic and topographic data of each collection locality. We performed the analyses separately at two levels: (1) the regional level and (2) the assemblage level, which was split into (assemblage I) lowland forests and (assemblage II) highland forests and other vegetation types. We also calculated the phylogenetic structure of flycatchers of each locality in order to explore the influence of climatic variables and the phylogenetic structure on the morphological variation of tyrant flycatchers, by means of linear mixed-effects models. We mapped the spatial variation of the relationship between morphological traits and environmental gradients, taking into account the phylogenetic structure. Important climatic variables explaining the morphological variation were those of temperature ranges (seasonality) and the results suggest that the phylogenetic clustering increases towards the highlands of Sierra Madre Oriental and Sierra Madre del Sur, and the lowlands of Balsas Depression. For the regional level, the spatial distribution of body size showed a pattern coincident with Bergmann's rule, with increasing in size from south to north. In the tropical lowland forests assemblage, body size tend to increase in seasonally dry forests (western Mexico) and decrease in the humid ones (eastern Mexico). In the assemblage of highland forests and other types of vegetation, morphological trait values increased northeast to southwest. Phylogenetic structure helped to explain the variation of morphology at the assemblage level but not at the regional level. The patterns of trait variation in the lowland and highland assemblages suggest that parts of morphological variation are explained both by the climatic gradients and by the lineage relatedness of communities. Overall, our results suggest that morphological variation is best explained by a varied set of variables, and that regression models representing this variation, as well as integrating phylogenetic patterns at different community levels, provide a new understanding of the mechanisms underlying the links among biodiversity, its geographical setting, and environmental change.
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Determinar la distribución genotípica y la frecuencia alélica del polimorfismo rs17817449 del gen FTO en jóvenes chilenos y su influencia en variables antropométricas. Los 96 sujetos jóvenes (18-25 años), 43 hombres y 53 mujeres fueron evaluados utilizando genotipificación del polimorfismo rs17817449 del gen FTO en TT, TG y GG mediante polimerase chain reaction (PCR), además de una evaluación Kinenatropométrica para determinar las variables asociadas a composición corporal. Las variables fueron analizadas estadísticamente según su distribución paramétrica y el nivel de significancia estadística fue p<0,05. La distribución genotípica del polimorfismo rs17817449 de FTO en jóvenes chilenos fue: TT: 50 %; TG: 42,7 %; GG 7,3 % y la distribución alélica fue: T: 0,7105 y G: 0,2895. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las variables antropométricas al analizar los participantes según modelo de dominancia del alelo G. Se determinó la distribución genotípica y la frecuencia alélica del polimorfismo rs17817449 del gen FTO en jóvenes chilenos, datos desconocidos hasta este momento. De acuerdo a nuestros resultados, no existen diferencias antropométricas entre personas con diferentes genotipos del polimorfismo rs17817449 de FTO, agrupadas según modelo de dominancia del alelo G.
The rs17817449 polymorphism of the FTO gene in young Chileans and their influence on anthropometric variables. 96 young subjects (18-25 years old), 43 men and 53 women were evaluated using genotyping of the rs17817449 polymorphism of the FTO gene in TT, TG and GG by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in addition to a Kinenatropometric evaluation to determine the variables associated with body composition. The variables were analyzed statistically according to their parametric distribution and the level of statistical significance was p<0.05. The genotypic distribution of the FTO polymorphism rs17817449 in young Chileans was: TT: 50 %; TG: 42.7 %; GG 7.3 % and the allelic distribution was: T: 0.7105 and G: 0.2895. No statistically significant differences were found in the anthropometric variables when analyzing the participants according to model of dominance of the G allele. The genotypic distribution and the allelic frequency of the rs17817449 polymorphism of the gene were determined FTO in Chilean population, data unknown until now. According to our results, there are no anthropometric differences between people with different genotypes of the FTO polymorphism rs17817449, nor according to the dominance model of the G.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Antropometría , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Dioxigenasa FTO Dependiente de Alfa-Cetoglutarato , Variación Genética , Índice de Masa Corporal , Chile , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Adiposidad/genética , Circunferencia de la Cintura/genética , Frecuencia de los Genes , GenotipoRESUMEN
Histoplasmosis is considered one of the most important endemic and systemic mycoses worldwide. Until now few molecular techniques have been developed for its diagnosis. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate three real time PCR (qPCR) protocols for different protein-coding genes (100-kDa, H and M antigens) using an animal model. Fresh and formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) lung tissues from BALB/c mice inoculated i.n. with 2.5x106 Histoplasma capsulatum yeast or PBS were obtained at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks post-infection. A collection of DNA from cultures representing different clades of H. capsulatum (30 strains) and other medically relevant pathogens (36 strains of related fungi and Mycobacterium tuberculosis) were used to analyze sensitivity and specificity. Analytical sensitivity and specificity were 100% when DNAs from the different strains were tested. The highest fungal burden occurred at first week post-infection and complete fungal clearance was observed after the third week; similar results were obtained when the presence of H. capsulatum yeast cells was demonstrated in histopathological analysis. In the first week post-infection, all fresh and FFPE lung tissues from H. capsulatum-infected animals were positive for the qPCR protocols tested except for the M antigen protocol, which gave variable results when fresh lung tissue samples were analyzed. In the second week, all qPCR protocols showed variable results for both fresh and FFPE tissues. Samples from the infected mice at the remaining times post-infection and uninfected mice (controls) were negative for all protocols. Good agreement was observed between CFUs, histopathological analysis and qPCR results for the 100-kDa and H antigen protocols. We successfully standardized and validated three qPCR assays for detecting H. capsulatum DNA in fresh and FFPE tissues, and conclude that the 100-kDa and H antigen molecular assays are promising tests for diagnosing this mycosis.
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Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Genes Fúngicos , Histoplasmosis/diagnóstico , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/métodos , Animales , ADN de Hongos/genética , ADN de Hongos/aislamiento & purificación , Histoplasma/genética , Histoplasmosis/genética , Pulmón/microbiología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/aislamiento & purificación , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadAsunto(s)
Especies Introducidas/legislación & jurisprudencia , Animales , Boidae , Gobierno Federal , MéxicoRESUMEN
We report the first case of "Candidatus Rickettsia amblyommii" detected in Amblyomma mixtum ticks on humans on the west coast of Mexico. This is the most western record of "Ca. R. amblyommii" in the Western Hemisphere, representing the first record for the western coast of the Americas. Even if the record is far from the previously known locations for the species it does not represent a new record regarding temperature, precipitation and topographic parameters. Since "Ca. R. amblyommii" antibodies have been detected in patients suspected of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and the tick A. mixtum has been associated with humans, it is important to consider "Ca. R. amblyommii" as a potential risk for the human population that has not been considered at risk before.
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Ixodidae/microbiología , Rickettsia/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/epidemiología , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/parasitologíaRESUMEN
The type specimens of amphibians and reptiles of the Museo de Historia Natural Alfredo Dugès, at the University of Guanajuato (MADUG) were reviewed following Smith & Necker's (1943) summary. Owing to this collection's eventful history and its historical importance as the oldest herpetological collection in Mexico, a review of its conservation status was needed. After many years, the collection has received proper recognition at the University of Guanajuato with a portion of the herpetological types considered "Precious Assets" of the university. We found 34 type specimens pertaining to 18 taxa; six are additional specimens to those previously reported; six herpetological types are missing, including the body of the type of Adelophis copei. All specimens are in good to reasonable condition except for the type of Rhinocheilus antonii, which has dried out completely. All specimens are illustrated to show their condition.
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Anfibios/clasificación , Reptiles/clasificación , Anfibios/anatomía & histología , Anfibios/crecimiento & desarrollo , Distribución Animal , Estructuras Animales/anatomía & histología , Estructuras Animales/crecimiento & desarrollo , Animales , Tamaño Corporal , Femenino , Masculino , México , Museos , Tamaño de los Órganos , Reptiles/anatomía & histología , Reptiles/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
ResumenLa distribución y abundancia de la familia Trochillidae generalmente estan influenciadas por la floración y fenología de las plantas de las que se alimentan, principalmente en bosques primarios, por lo que los cambios en la cobertura de la vegetación pueden afectar a sus poblaciones. Se analizó la distribución geográfica y se caracterizó el hábitat para 22 especies residentes de colibríes presentes en el estado de Guerrero con base en el uso de suelo y vegetación de INEGI Serie IV (2007-2010). Los modelos de distribución se generaron con ayuda del Algoritmo Genético para la Producción de Conjuntos de Reglas (GARP), usando los registros históricos de colecciones científicas y trabajo de campo (2001-2009), en combinación con variables climáticas y topográficas. De las 22 especies modeladas, seis son endémicas a México, mismo número de especies que se encuentran en alguna categoría de riesgo. La mayor concentración potencial de la riqueza (14-20 especies), endemismo (5-6 especies) y especies en riesgo de colibríes (5-6 especies) está en la provincia biótica de la Sierra Madre del Sur. No obstante, la distribución potencial de la mayor parte de los colibríes se presenta en ambientes alterados o agroecosistemas resultado de los cambios en el uso del suelo. Solo en el caso de Campylopterus hemileucurus, Lamprolaima rhami y Heliomaster longisrostris, su distribución potencial es mayor en áreas de vegetación primaria. Las áreas de mayor concentración de colibríes no corresponden con las Áreas de Importancia para la Conservación de las Aves en Guerrero, lo que confirma que pese a su diversidad y su extrema popularidad, desde la perspectiva conservacionista los colibríes han recibido relativamente poca atención.
AbstractThe distribution and abundance of species of Trochillidae family is usually influenced by the flowering and phenology of plants used as a feeding source, mainly in primary forest, so that changes in vegetation cover could impact their populations. We analyzed and characterized the geographical distribution and habitat for 22 species of resident hummingbirds in the state of Guerrero using the vegetation and the land use map of INEGI Series IV (2007-2010). Distribution models were generated with the Genetic Algorithm for Rule Set Production (GARP), using historical records of scientific collections and fieldwork (2001-2009), in combination with climatic and topographic variables. Of the 22 modeled species, six are endemic to Mexico, the same number of species found in a risk category. The highest concentration with regards to richness (14-20 species), endemism (5-6 species) and number of threatened species of hummingbirds (5-6 species) occurred in the biotic province of Sierra Madre del Sur. However, the potential distribution of most of the hummingbirds occurred in disturbed sites or agroecosystems, as a result of changes in land-use. For Campylopterus hemileucurus, Lamprolaima rhami and Heliomaster longisrostris, their potential distribution was highest in areas of primary vegetation. Areas of high hummingbirds presence do not coincide with the Important Bird Areas proposed for bird conservation in Guerrero, considering that, despite its diversity and its extreme popularity, from the conservation perspective hummingbirds have received relatively little attention. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (1): 363-376. Epub 2016 March 01.
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Animales , Aves/clasificación , Ecosistema , Biodiversidad , Distribución Animal , Estaciones del Año , Densidad de Población , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , MéxicoRESUMEN
Here we provide evidence to support an extension of the recognized distributional range of the Mountain Elaenia (Elaenia frantzii) to include southern Mexico. We collected two specimens in breeding condition in northwestern Sierra Norte de Chiapas, Mexico. Morphologic and genetic evidence support their identity as Elaenia frantzii. We compared environmental parameters of records across the entire geographic range of the species to those at the northern Chiapas survey site and found no climatic differences among localities.