RESUMEN

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is the etiological agent of caseous lymphadenitis. The main clinical sign of this disease is the development of granulomas, especially in small ruminants; however, the pathways that are involved in the formation and maintenance of these granulomas are unknown. Cytokines and chemokines are responsible for the migration of immune cells to specific sites and tissues; therefore, it is possible that chemokines participate in abscess formation. This study aimed to evaluate the induction of chemokine production by two C. pseudotuberculosis strains in a murine model. A highly pathogenic (VD57) and an attenuated (T1) strain of C. pseudotuberculosis, as well as somatic and secreted antigens derived from these strains, was used to stimulate murine splenocytes. Then, the concentrations of the chemokines CCL-2, CCL-3, CCL-4, and CCL-5 and the cytokines IL-1 and TNF were measured in the culture supernatants. The VD57 strain had a higher ability to stimulate the production of chemokines when compared to T1 strain, especially in the early stages of stimulation, which can have an impact on granuloma formation. The T1 lysate antigen was able to stimulate most of the chemokines studied herein when compared to the other antigenic fractions of both strains. These results indicate that C. pseudotuberculosis is a chemokine production inducer, and the bacterial strains differ in their induction pattern, a situation that can be related to the specific behavior of each strain.

Asunto(s)

Infecciones por Corynebacterium , Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis , Linfadenitis , Animales , Infecciones por Corynebacterium/microbiología , Infecciones por Corynebacterium/veterinaria , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Linfadenitis/microbiología , Ratones

RESUMEN

Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) is one of the main pathogens in chronic periodontitis (CP). Studies on the immunogenicity of its virulence factors may contribute to understanding the host response to infection. The present study aimed to use in silico analysis as a tool to identify epitopes from Lys-gingipain (Kgp) and neuraminidase virulence factors of the Pg ATCC 33277 strain. Protein sequences were obtained from the NCBI Protein Database and they were scanned for amino acid patterns indicative of MHC II binding using the MHC-II Binding Predictions tool from the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB). Peptides from different regions of the proteins were chemically synthesized and tested by the indirect ELISA method to verify IgG immunoreactivity in serum of subjects with CP and without periodontitis (WP). T cell epitope prediction resulted in 16 peptide sequences from Kgp and 18 peptide sequences from neuraminidase. All tested Kgp peptides exhibited IgG immunoreactivity whereas tested neuraminidase peptides presented low IgG immunoreactivity. Thus, the IgG reactivity to Kgp protein could be reaffirmed and the low IgG reactivity to Pg neuraminidase could be suggested. The novel peptide epitopes from Pg were useful to evaluate its immunoreactivity based on the IgG-mediated host response. In silico analysis was useful for preselecting epitopes for immune response studies in CP.

RESUMEN

Surfactants and co-surfactants play an important role in enhanced oil recovery for they improve petroleum solubility and reduce interfacial tensions between oil, water and the rock formation. Ethanol is receiving renewed attention as potential co-surfactant because of the negative results obtained with the use of salts and alkaline substances. Sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) can use surfactants and co-surfactants as carbon sources and, consequently, this can increase the biological accumulation of sulphide (souring). The aim of this research is to correlate SRB activity with different concentrations of co-surfactant (ethanol) as an attempt to quantifying in which concentration such compound can potentially increase or inhibit souring. The results show that the combination of surfactant (lauryl glucoside) and co-surfactant (ethanol) can increase SRB activity to about 2.3-fold. The highest sulphate consumption rate of 591 µg l-1 h-1 was observed in experiments with 0.03% and 1.5% (v/v) of surfactant and ethanol, respectively. The experiments indicated that SRB activity is only controlled by ethanol concentrations above 6.5% (v/v). Ethanol can potentially decrease costs with the use of biocides and significantly increase oil recovery ratios. Tests with the model Desulfovibrio vulgaris were not comparable with the results obtained with the SRB consortium.

Asunto(s)

Desulfovibrio , Petróleo , Sulfatos , Sulfuros , Tensoactivos

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: Previous works defining antigens that might be used as vaccine targets against Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, which is the causative agent of sheep and goat caseous lymphadenitis, have focused on secreted proteins produced in a chemically defined culture media. Considering that such antigens might not reflect the repertoire of proteins expressed during infection conditions, this experiment aimed to investigate the membrane-associated proteins with pathogenic potential expressed by C. pseudotuberculosis grown directly in animal serum. RESULTS: Its membrane-associated proteins have been extracted using an organic solvent enrichment methodology, followed by LC-MS/MS and bioinformatics analysis for protein identification and classification. The results revealed 22 membrane-associated proteins characterized as potentially pathogenic. An interaction network analysis indicated that the four potentially pathogenic proteins ciuA, fagA, OppA4 and OppCD were biologically connected within two distinct network pathways, which were both associated with the ABC Transporters KEGG pathway. These results suggest that C. pseudotuberculosis pathogenesis might be associated with the transport and uptake of nutrients; other seven identified potentially pathogenic membrane proteins also suggest that pathogenesis might involve events of bacterial resistance and adhesion. The proteins herein reported potentially reflect part of the protein repertoire expressed during real infection conditions and might be tested as vaccine antigens.

Asunto(s)

Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Proteoma/metabolismo , Proteómica/métodos , Animales , Proteínas Bacterianas/aislamiento & purificación , Bovinos , Cromatografía Liquida , Biología Computacional/métodos , Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Medios de Cultivo/química , Sangre Fetal , Cabras , Proteínas de la Membrana/aislamiento & purificación , Mapas de Interacción de Proteínas , Ovinos , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is the etiologic agent of caseous lymphadenitis (CL), a chronic disease that affects goats and sheep. CL is characterized by the formation of granulomas in lymph nodes and other organs, such as the lungs and liver. Current knowledge of CL pathogenesis indicates that the induction of humoral and cellular immune responses are fundamental to disease control. The aim of this study was to evaluate the humoral and cellular immune responses in BALB/c mice inoculated with a C. pseudotuberculosis strain isolated in the state of Bahia, Brazil. RESULTS: The lymphocyte proliferation and in vitro production of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12 and nitric oxide by spleen cells stimulated with secreted and somatic antigens from the studied strain were evaluated. IgG subclasses were also analyzed. Results showed a significant increase of Th1-profile cytokines after 60 days post-inoculation, as well as an important humoral response, represented by high levels of IgG2a and IgG1 against C. pseudotuberculosis. CONCLUSION: The T1 strain of C. pseudotuberculosis was shown to induce humoral and cellular immune responses in BALB/c mice, but, even at a dosage of 1x10(7) CFU, no signs of the disease were observed.

Asunto(s)

Antígenos Bacterianos/inmunología , Vacunas Bacterianas/inmunología , Infecciones por Corynebacterium/prevención & control , Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis/metabolismo , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Infecciones por Corynebacterium/microbiología , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Inmunidad Celular , Inmunidad Humoral , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Bazo/citología , Bazo/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Epidemiological surveillance for Human Bocavirus (HBoV) was conducted on 105 fecal specimens from children with acute gastroenteritis in Bahia, Brazil. Among of a total 105 stool samples, 44 samples were positive for HBoV as detected by nested-PCR. Of the 44 positive samples, co-infections with other enteric viruses (Norovirus, Adenovirus, and Rotavirus) were found in 12 pediatric patients. Mixed infections among HBoV with Norovirus were frequently observed in this population. The phylogenetic analysis identified the presence of HBoV-1, and HBoV 2A species. This study shows that HBoV is another viral pathogen in the etiology of acute gastroenteritis in children in Bahia, Brazil.

Asunto(s)

Gastroenteritis/epidemiología , Gastroenteritis/virología , Bocavirus Humano/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Parvoviridae/epidemiología , Infecciones por Parvoviridae/virología , Adenoviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Brasil/epidemiología , Preescolar , Coinfección/epidemiología , Coinfección/virología , Monitoreo Epidemiológico , Heces/virología , Femenino , Genotipo , Bocavirus Humano/clasificación , Bocavirus Humano/genética , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Norovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Filogenia , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Prevalencia , Rotavirus/aislamiento & purificación

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Caseous lymphadenitis (CL) is a contagious infectious disease of small ruminants caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Is characterized by the formation of abscesses in the lymph nodes and intestines of infected animals, induced by inflammatory cytokines. The production of cytokines, such as IL-10, TNF-α, IL-4 and IFN-γ, is regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activation. The present study investigated the involvement of MAPK pathways (MAPK p38, ERK 1 and ERK 2) with respect to the production of cytokines induced by antigens secreted by C. pseudotuberculosis over a 60-day course of infection. CBA mice (n = 25) were divided into three groups and infected with 102 colony forming units (CFU) of attenuated strain T1, 102 CFU of virulent strain VD57 or sterile saline solution and euthanized after 30 or 60 days. Murine splenocytes were treated with specific inhibitors (MAPK p38 inhibitor, ERK 1/2 inhibitor or ERK 2 inhibitor) and cultured with secreted antigens obtained from pathogenic bacteria (SeT1 or SeVD57). RESULTS: The MAPK pathways evaluated were observed to be involved in the production of IL-10, under stimulation by secreted antigens, while the MAPK p38 and ERK 1 pathways were shown to be primarily involved in TNF-α production. By contrast, no involvement of the MAPK p38 and ERK 1 and 2 pathways was observed in IFN-γ production, while the ERK 2 pathway demonstrated involvement in IL-4 production only in the mouse splenocytes infected with VD57 under stimulation by SeT1. CONCLUSION: The authors hypothesize that MAPK p38 and ERK 1 pathways with respect to TNF-α production, as well as the MAPK p38 and ERK 1 and 2 pathways in relation to IL-10 production under infection by C. pseudotuberculosis are important regulators of cellular response. Additionally, the lack of the MAPK p38 and ERK 1/2 pathways in IFN-γ production in infected CBA murine cells stimulated with the two secreted/excreted antigens, in IL-4 production showing involvement only via the ERK 2 pathway under stimulation by SeT1 antigen during 60-day infection period with the virulent strain, suggests that these pathways regulated the production of pro-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines in the splenic cells of CBA mice.

Asunto(s)

Infecciones por Corynebacterium/veterinaria , Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis/inmunología , Citocinas/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Animales , Antígenos Bacterianos/inmunología , Células Cultivadas , Infecciones por Corynebacterium/inmunología , Infecciones por Corynebacterium/patología , Femenino , Leucocitos Mononucleares/inmunología , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos CBA , Bazo/inmunología

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: In chronic periodontitis (CP), the gene polymorphism of interleukin-6 (IL-6) to 174C/G has been associated with the altered production of this cytokine. The aim of this pilot study is to compare the allelic and genotypic frequencies in patients with CP with control individuals without periodontitis (NP) and to measure the production of IL-6 by whole blood cells stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis HmuY protein. METHODS: DNA was isolated from peripheral blood cells of 49 patients with CP and 60 control individuals classified as NP, and genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction using sequence-specific primers. Whole blood cells from 29 patients with CP and 30 control individuals were stimulated for 48 hours with HmuY, and IL-6 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The proportion of individuals carrying the G allele at position -174 of the IL-6 gene was higher in the group with CP (85.7%) than in the normal control group (73.3%; P <0.03). P. gingivalis HmuY-induced production of IL-6 was higher in the group with CP (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that P. gingivalis HmuY may be associated with increased IL-6 production during CP. Furthermore, patients with periodontitis and individuals with higher HmuY-induced production of IL-6 show a high frequency of the G allele at position -174.

Asunto(s)

Proteínas Bacterianas/fisiología , Periodontitis Crónica/genética , Periodontitis Crónica/microbiología , Interleucina-6/biosíntesis , Interleucina-6/genética , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Adulto , Proteínas de la Membrana Bacteriana Externa/fisiología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Periodontitis Crónica/metabolismo , Femenino , Frecuencia de los Genes , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proyectos Piloto , Polimorfismo Genético , Porphyromonas gingivalis/química , Porphyromonas gingivalis/fisiología , Curva ROC , Estadísticas no Paramétricas

RESUMEN

Diferentes técnicas para isolar e descrever antígenos das frações secretadas de superfície e somáticas deCorynebacterium pseudotuberculosis foram estudadas por SDS-PAGE e imunoblot, utilizando-se pool de soros de cabras naturalmente infectadas. Os antígenos secretados foram obtidos do sobrenadante de cultura da bactéria cultivada em meio quimicamente definido ou em meio BHI (Brain Heart Infusion). A fração de superfície foi obtida por tratamento com NaCl 1M, e as frações somßticas foram obtidas por vários procedimentos (detergentes e ultra-som). Pela coloração por Coomassie blue, foram detectadas 20 bandas na fração secretada, 35 bandas no extrato de superfície e entre 40 e 50 bandas, a depender do processo de extração, na fração somßtica. Entre todas as frações estudadas, foram detectadas 16 proteínas imunorreativas. As bandas com pesos moleculares de 125, 108, 75, 68, 41, 40, 31 e 24 kDa foram reconhecidas commaior intensidade e todas elas foram encontradas na fração secretada. A utilização do meio quimicamente definido permitiu revelar, na fração secretada de C. pseudotuberculosis, a presença de proteínas de alto pesomolecular que não tinham sido previamente descritas.

Asunto(s)

Animales , Masculino , Cabras , Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis/aislamiento & purificación , Electroforesis en Gel de Poliacrilamida/métodos , Western Blotting/métodos , Antígenos de Superficie