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Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) and bermuda grass southern mosaic virus (BgSMV) is the most important cereal potyvirus in Iran. Expression of some key genes in maize plants susceptible and tolerant to MDMV or BgSMV and gene expression profile of MDMV and BgSMV compatible or incompatible to Johnson grass plants were studied. Time points of 1, 9, 24 and 72 h after inoculation with both viruses were investigated as well. By analyzing the expression of the genes, it was identified that in maize infected by MDMV and BgSMV, the transcript levels of the peroxiredoxin, GLP, SAM, NPR1 and chlorophyll a-b binding genes were significantly higher in the tolerant than in susceptible plants during the entire experiment. In the BgSMV inoculated Johnson grass plants, some of the genes related to plant defense responses including NPR1, peroxiredoxin and SAM had higher expression level than the Johnson grass plants inoculated by MDMV. Important genes in maize tolerance like NPR1 and MT-LP, were analyzed by trilinear decomposition analysis and genes clustering. The upregulated expression of genes at one-hour post inoculation showed that the plant response to viruses was activated at the early stage of infection. Keywords: MDMV; BgSMV; gene expression; quantitative real-time PCR; trilinear decomposition analysis.

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This qualitative study in the Islamic Republic of Iran aimed to explore facilitators and barriers to the use of reproductive health services by unmarried women. A purposive sample of unmarried women aged 25-60 years in Isfahan city were interviewed about their experiences of reproductive health services in public health centres. Content analysis of responses revealed that the favourable characteristics of reproductive health services in public centres were services that: were delivered by personnel of the same sex in a woman-friendly environment and available at a suitable price, and did not label clients. In contrast, the following characteristics made public health centres undesirable for unmarried women: not addressing single women for reproductive health services; lack of privacy; failure to maintain confidentiality; doubts about skills and scientific ability of personnel; and lack of integration of services.

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قد هدفت هذه الدراسه الكيفيه التي اجريت في جمهوريه ايران الاسلاميه الى استكشاف العوامل الميسره والعوامل المعيقه لاستفادة النساء غير المتزوجات من خدمات الصحه الانجابيه فاجريت مقابلات مع عينه هادفة من النساء غير المتزوجات اللواتي تترواح اعمارهن بين 25 و 60 عاما في مدينه اصفهان بشأن تجاربهن المتعلقة بخدمات الصحه الانجابيه في مراكز الصحه العامه فكشف تحليل محتوى الاجابات ان الخصائص الايجابيه لخدمات الصحه الانجابيه في المراكز العامه تمثلت في كونها تقدم من قبل افراد من نفس الجنس في بيئه صديقة للمرأة ومتاحه بسعر مناسب ولاتسم المراجعات وفي المقابل فان الخصائص التاليه جعلت المراكز الصحيه العامه غير مرغوبه بالنسبه للنساء غير المتزوجات عدم تخصيص خدمات الصحه الانجايه للنساء العازبات وانعدام الخصوصيه وعدم الحفاظ على السريه ووجود شكوك في مهارات الافراد وقدراتهم العلميه وعدم وجود تكامل في الخدمات

This qualitative study in the Islamic Republic of Iran aimed to explore facilitators and barriers to the use of reproductive health services by unmarried women. A purposive sample of unmarried women aged 25–60 years in Isfahan city were interviewed about their experiences of reproductive health services in public health centres. Content analysis of responses revealed that the favourable characteristics of reproductive health services in public centres were services that: were delivered by personnel of the same sex in a woman-friendly environment and available at a suitable price, and did not label clients. In contrast, the following characteristics made public health centres undesirable for unmarried women: not addressing single women for reproductive health services; lack of privacy; failure to maintainconfidentiality; doubts about skills and scientific ability of personnel; and lack of integration of services.

La présente étude qualitative menée en République islamique d’Iran avait pour objectif de rechercher les éléments favorisant le recours aux services de santé génésique et ceux limitant leur accès aux femmes célibataires. Dans un échantillon choisi à dessein, des femmes célibataires âgées de 25 à 60 ans ont étéinterrogées dans la ville d’Ispahan sur leur expérience des services de santé génésique dans les centres de santé publique. L'analyse du contenu des réponses a révélé que les caractéristiques favorables des services de santé génésique des centres de santé publique étaient les suivantes : des prestations dispensées par un personnel du même sexe dans un environnement respectueux des femmes et proposés à un prix abordable ; et une absence d’étiquettes attribuées au statut des femmes qui consultent. À l'inverse, les caractéristiques suivantes rendaientles centres de santé publics inattractifs pour des femmes célibataires : l’absence d’orientation des femmes non mariées vers des services de santé génésique ; le manque d’intimité ; le non-respect de la confidentialité ; les compétences et les connaissances scientifiques douteuses du personnel ; et le manque d'intégration desservices.

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Type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune and multifactorial disease. HLA-DRB1 and DQB1 loci have the strongest association with T1D. This study aimed at investigating (i) susceptibility or protection of alleles, genotypes and haplotypes of HLA-DRB1 and DQB1 loci; and (ii) highly polymorphic amino acid residues of HLA-DRß1 and DQß1 in 105 Iranian T1D patients and 100 controls. The results indicated that DRB1*04:01, 03:01, DQB1*03:02, 02:01 alleles, DRB1*03:01/04:01, 03:01/13:03, DQB1*02:01/03:02 genotypes, DRB1*04:01-DQB1*03:02, DRB1*03:01-DQB1*02:01, DRB1*07:01-DQB1*03:03 haplotypes had positive association with T1D. In contrast, HLA-DRB1*15:01, 13:01, DQB1*03:01, 06:01 alleles, DRB1*11:01/15:01, DQB1*03:01/06:01, 03:01/05:01 genotypes and DRB1*15:01-DQB1*06:01, DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01 haplotypes had negative association with T1D. Analysis of amino acid sequence of HLA-DRß1 and DQß1 revealed that DRß1(Lys71+) and DQß1(Asp57-) were significantly more frequent in patients than in controls and had a positive effect in the development of T1D. Haplotype analysis demonstrated that HLA-DRB1(Lys71+) allele provided major susceptibility for T1D, and DQß1(Asp57-) had an additive effect. We designed an allele-specific primer to develop an easy, quick and cost-benefit method to detect the DRß1(Lys71+) . This method can identify all 114 DRB1 alleles encoding DRß1(Lys71+) by three PCR reactions. The PcPPV and PcNPV were also calculated to determine the impact of HLA genotype testing at amino acid positions. It showed that the DRß1(Lys71+/+) genotype carrier had 1% absolute risk of developing T1D.

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As an outgrowth of the Report of the Imperial Commission on the Study of Health and Medical Problems, The College of Health Sciences was established as the basic educational unit to provide comprehensive health care education within the framework of a team approach to Iranian national health care. The programs are to nonrestrictive, thereby demonstrating the principles of the concept and practice. Because of this, the College is a multidiscipline institution, and will expand to include programs of study in all health care specialties. The program of study for the equivalent of the baccalaureate degree in the College is based on functional analysis of the tasks to be performed by the primary care workers called behdars. The curriculum is task oriented and is made up to two sections, each of 33 months instruction. The first year concentrates on basic functional science and medicine in an academic setting, and the following two years are spent in clinical training in geographically diverse dispensaries and health care facilities. The second stage of the academic program will be available to graduate behdars who have successfully completed two or more years of work in the health care network and who display academic and professional excellence. Through a unit system approach these candidates for doctor of medicine will complete eleven months or more of comprehensive instruction in functional basic sciences, and this will be followed by two years in comprehensive hospital internship.

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