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Despite the efficacy of trastuzumab in treating HER2-positive breast cancer patients, a significant proportion of patients relapse after treatment. The role of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) in trastuzumab resistance was studied only in cell lines and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. This study investigated the role of CXCR4 in trastuzumab resistance in breast cancer patients and explored the possible underlying mechanisms. The study was performed retrospectively on tissue samples from 62 breast cancer patients including 42 who were treated with trastuzumab and chemotherapy and 20 who received chemotherapy alone in adjuvant setting. Expression levels of CXCR4 and its regulators hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α), tristetraprolin (TTP), human antigen R (HuR), itchy E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (ITCH), miR-302a and miR-494 were determined and their associations with tumor recurrence and disease-free survival were analyzed. In trastuzumab-treated patients, high CXCR4 expression was associated with recurrence and was an independent predictor of progression risk after therapy. CXCR4 correlated positively with its transcriptional regulator, HIF-1α, and negatively with its post-translational regulator, ITCH. HIF-1α, HuR and ITCH were significantly associated with clinical outcome. In chemotherapy-treated patients, neither CXCR4 nor any of its regulators were associated with recurrence or predicted disease progression risk after chemotherapy. In conclusion, this study suggests a potential role for CXCR4 in recurrence after trastuzumab-based therapy in human breast cancer that could be mediated, at least in part, by hypoxia and/or decreased ubiquitination. These findings highlight the potential utility of CXCR4 as a promising target for enhancing trastuzumab therapeutic outcome.

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Natural products, including their purified materials, play a remarkable role in drug development. The Euphorbiaceae family, mainly Euphorbia tirucalli, is used in some traditional medicine, and has evidence that its latex comprises immunomodulatory properties and cytokine production. This study aimed to measure the in vivo production of chemokines (IL-1α, IL-1ß, IL-12, and RANTES), TH1 cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, GM-CSF, and IL-2) and TH2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13) in rats after treatments with ethanol latex extract of E. tirucalli. Vaccine treated and untreated rats were divided into seven groups to assess antimicrobial activities of the extracted components. After completion of the treatment schedule, blood was withdrawn and sera were collected. The results showed that the main component of the extract was a euphol compound. The extract showed antimicrobial activity and had the ability to modulate innate and adaptive immunity. Animals treated with extract for only 7 days before vaccination showed higher levels of antibody production. The extract showed antibacterial and antifungal activities. The extract could stimulate both adaptive and innate immunity. Pre-treatment with the extract increased immune responses in vaccinated animals, indicating the usefulness of the extract before immunization.

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BACKGROUND: Striae distensae are very common cutaneous disorders that produce great psychological stress for women. OBJECTIVE: measure and compare between efficacy and tolerability of three modalities for treatment of striae distensae. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-five female patients with striae distensae were randomly selected from the outpatient dermatology clinics of Al-Zahra university Hospital within 6 months period. Patients divided into three groups according to the therapeutic modalities were used. Group A: treated with carboxytherapy using carbon dioxide (CO2) injection, Group B: where patients were treated with intradermal injection of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and Group C: where we used tripolar radiofrequency (RF) for treatment. RESULTS: All treated groups showed overall clinical improvement as regards the width, texture, and overall improvement after treatment (P > .05), with no statistically significant differences between the three groups. Patient's satisfaction was statistically significantly better in both group C (93.33%) and group A (80%) while group B (53.33%) was less with minimal side effects such as pain and ecchymosis, which were more frequent in group B than the other two groups; but with no statistically significance differences both groups A and C were effective with no significant differences in both types of striae and in any site of the body but group B is significantly more effective on striae rubra on trunk, with better improvement of lesions texture. CONCLUSION: The three modalities of treatments proved to be effective clinically and histopathologically in treating both types of striae, which were well tolerated by the patients with minimal, transient side effects and our study results gave us guidelines for their clinical application.

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Schistosoma mansoni is mediated through the intermediate host Biomphalaria arabica which lives in Saudi Arabia. Molecular characterization and identification of this intermediate host are important for epidemiological studies of schistosomiasis. The present work aimed to determine the molecular variations among the populations of B. arabica found in Southern part of Saudi Arabia, and to develop species-specific primers for identification of these snails as a first step in the development of multiplex PCR for simultaneously identifying the snails and diagnosing its infections in a single step. Five populations of Saudi B. arabica snails were collected from freshwater bodies. Three populations were collected from Asser and two populations were collected from AL-Baha. Genomic DNA was extracted from snails and was amplified using five different RAPD-PCR primers. The banding patterns of amplified materials by primers P1 and P5 were identical in all populations. However, the rest primers displayed intra-specific differences among populations with variable degrees. Largest sizes of RAPD-PCR products were cloned into TA cloning vector as a preparatory step for DNA sequence analysis. After sequencing, similarity searches of obtained DNA sequences revealed that there are no similar sequences submitted to genebank data bases and its associated banks. The results obtained will be helpful in the development of simultaneous identification of B. arabica snails and diagnosis of S. mansoni infection within it in a single step by an implementation of multiplex PCR.

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This work aimed to determine the inter- and intra-specific variations in populations of Bulinus truncatus and Bulinus beccari, the intermediate hosts of Schistosoma haematobium in Saudi Arabia, and to develop species-specific primers to identify these snails as a first step in the development of multiplex PCR for simultaneously identifying the snails and diagnosing its infections in a single step. Two populations of B. truncatus were collected from Asser and Bisha (A and B), and two B. beccari populations were collected from Mahial Asser and Merba (C and D). The snails' genomic DNA was extracted and amplified using 5 different primers. The primers displayed variable intra- and inter-specific differences across the populations. The largest RAPD-PCR fragments were cloned into a vector as a preparatory step for sequencing. Similarity searches for the sequenced cloned inserts revealed no similar sequences in the GenBank database or its associated databases. Specific primers used to target the B. truncatus and B. beccari genomes were designed using the Gene Runner program and based on the DNA sequences obtained from RAPD fragment sequence analyses. Using these primers for specific PCRs resulted in expected single-band PCR products of 536 bp for B. beccari and 478 bp for B. truncatus. These results will be helpful for simultaneously identifying B. truncatus and B. beccari snails and diagnosing S. haematobium infections within the snails using single step multiplex PCR.

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In the time schistosomisis control programs are implemented in many countries, schistosomiasis continues to spread throughout the world. Among these control strategies is the vector control. Within this context, analysis of the genetic variability of the intermediate host snails is important because it allows identification of specific sequences of the genome of this mollusk related to determine their fingerprint. We investigated Biomphalaria arabica, which is found in Saudi Arabia, the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni infection. Genetic fingerprint was studied by RAPD-PCR using our own different random primers as well as published primers. The electrophoretic patterns resulting from amplification showed specific polymorphic markers of B. arabica. This information will be helpful in the identification of the snails and demonstrating that RAPD-PCR is an appropriate and efficient methodological approach for establishment of genetic barcode development.

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This investigation was carried out to study the susceptibility of Saudi Biomphalaria arabica to Egyptian Schistosoma mansoni in comparison with the susceptibility of Egyptian Biomphalaria alexandrina to the same parasite. This was in order to know the possibility that the parasite might be able to spread into Saudi Arabia and to determine the genetic variability between Egyptian B. alexandrina and Saudi Biomphalaria arabica snails. Lab bred Egyptian B. alexandrina and Saudi B. arabica snails were exposed individually to 10 freshly hatched Egyptian S. mansoni miracidia/snail. The mortality rate, infection rate, prepatent period, duration of cercarial shedding and cercariae production per snail were recorded in both the sympatric couple (Egyptian B. alexandrina and Egyptian S. mansoni) and in the allopatric combination (Saudi B. arabica and Egyptian S. mansoni). The results revealed that, the survival rate of snails exposed to Egyptian S. mansoni miracidia at 34th day post-exposure (at first cercarial shedding) was higher in B. arabica than in B. alexandrina. After shedding, the mortality rate was higher in the B. arabica, compared to B. alexandrina. The infection rate was higher in B. arabica than B. alexandrina; the mean of prepatent period was shorter in the B. arabica than in the B. alexandrina. However, the duration of cercarial shedding was longer in the Egyptian snails and the cercarial production per snail was higher in B. alexandrina snails than in B. arabica. To study the genetic variability between B. alexandrina and B. arabica, RAPD-PCR on the genomic DNA of snails was done. RAPD-PCR revealed significant variation between the two snail species. In conclusion, the results suggest that B. arabica can play a role in the transmission of Egyptian S. mansoni in Saudi Arabia and therefore this parasite might be able to spread into the Kingdom. In addition, the RAPD-PCR results demonstrated genetic variability between the two species which may be related to the differences in susceptibility of both Saudi and Egyptian Biomphalaria snails to Egyptian S. mansoni infection.

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The repeated chemotherapy of schistosomiasis has resulted in the emergence of drug-resistant schistosome strains. The development of such resistance has drawn the attention of many authors to alternative drugs. Many medicinal plants were studied to investigate their antischistosomal potency. The present work aimed to evaluate antischistosomal activity of crude aqueous extract of ginger against Schistosoma mansoni. Sixteen mice of C57 strain were exposed to 100 ± 10 cercariae per mouse by the tail immersion method; the mice were divided into two groups: untreated group and ginger-treated one. All mice were sacrificed at the end of 10th week post-infection. Worm recovery and egg counting in the hepatic tissues and faeces were determined. Surface topography of the recovered worms was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Histopathological examination of liver and intestine was done using routine histological procedures. The worm burden and the egg density in liver and faeces of mice treated with ginger were fewer than in non-treated ones. Scanning electron microscopical examination revealed that male worms recovered from mice treated with ginger lost their normal surface architecture, since its surface showed partial loss of tubercles' spines, extensive erosion in inter-tubercle tegumental regions and numerous small blebs around tubercles. Histopathological data indicated a reduction in the number and size of granulomatous inflammatory infiltrations in the liver and intestine of treated mice compared to non-treated mice. The results of the present work suggested that ginger has antischistosomal activities and provided a basis for subsequent experimental and clinical trials.

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This study was designed to assess the effect of green tea, an aqueous extract of Camellia sinensis, on the oxidative stress, antioxidant defense system and liver pathology of Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice. Green tea at concentration of 3% (w/v) was given orally to treated mice as sole source of drinking water from the end of the 4th week to the end of 10th week post-infection; untreated mice were allowed to drink normal water. The data of the studied S. mansoni-infected mice exhibited a suppression of hepatic total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activity and glutathione content. The liver lipid peroxidation was deleteriously elevated in S. mansoni-infected mice. The hepatic total protein content, AST and ALT activities were profoundly decreased in the S. mansoni-infected mice. Most hepatocytes were damaged and showed abnormal microscopic appearance with aggressive necrosis. Both total protein and glycogen levels have been greatly reduced as indicated by histochemical examination. The treatment of S. mansoni-infected mice with green tea succeeded to suppress oxidative stress by decreasing the lipid peroxides but failed to significantly enhance the antioxidant defense system and deteriorated changes owing to liver damage and necrosis. In consistence with biochemical data, histopathological and histochemical data indicated that treatment of S. mansoni-infected mice with green tea could ameliorate hepatocytes thus reduce cellular necrosis and partially restore both total protein and glycogen levels. Thus, the study concluded that the green tea suppresses the oxidative stress through its constituent with free radicals scavenging properties rather than through the endogenous antioxidant defense system.

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The alteration in the concentrations of metallic ion Pb, Zn, K, Na, Co, Fe, and Cu in the soft parts of the Biomphalaria alexandrina snails shedding Schistosoma mansoni cercariae was detected by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Six elements Pb, Zn, K, Na, Co, and Cu were found to be present at significantly higher concentrations in cercariae-shedding snails compared with uninfected snails. The concentration of Fe ion showed non-significant decrease in the tissues of cercariae-shedding snails. Variation in the present results compared with related previous studies lead to the suggestion that the effect of trematode parasitism on fresh-water snails should not be considered universal and might be varies according to the trematode-snail combination, the organs or the tissues analyzed and the analytical method used.

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Several expeditions were carried out to four localities (Al-Madinah Almona-warah, Tabouk region, Al-Jouf and Northern Frontiers regions) in Northern and Western Saudi Arabia for sampling zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) cases from patients and rodents. Biopsy samples were collected from 51 patients complaining of skin lesions, most of which (40 or 78.4%) proved to be ZCL. Amastigotes were detected in 33 patients (64.7%), but only 30 (58.9%) gave successful growth of promastigotes in the culture media. The positive cases were Saudis 14(35%) and non-Saudis 26 (65%). Five species of rodents were caught, Meriories libycus, Psammomys obesus, Rattus rattus, jaculus and Hystrix indica. The first species was the most dominant (90%) in which Leishmania parasites were detected. The Leishmania isolates from man and rodents were identified by isoenzyme electrophoresis and proved to be Zymodeme LON-4.

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A laboratory-based susceptibility study was carried out on snails Bulinus truncatus collected from highland Abha, Asser, Saudi Arabia to Egyptian Schistosoma haematobium to investigate the potential role of Saudi B. truncatus in the transmission of Egyptian S. haematobium and to know the possibility that the parasite might be able to spread into Saudi Arabia. The results revealed that, compared to Egyptian snails, survival of snails at day 25 post-exposure was significantly higher in Saudi B. truncatus ones. The infection rate was higher in Saudi snails as compared to Egyptian ones. The incubation period was shorter in Saudi snails but the duration of cercarial shedding was longer in the Egyptian than in the Saudi snails. The production of S. haematobium cercariae per snail was higher in Egyptian snails than in Saudi ones. These results suggest that Saudi B. truncatus can play a role in the transmission of Egyptian S. haematobium in Saudi Arabia and therefore this parasite might be able to spread into the Kingdom. In addition, electrophoretic analysis of tissue soluble proteins was done to determine the effects of the parasite on both the Egyptian and Saudi snails. The electrophoretic analysis revealed the occasional presence or absence of certain bands in infected snails in comparison with non-infected one.

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In this article, two strains of mice BALB/C and C57 were infected with Egyptian strain of Schistosoma mansoni. BALB/C mice appeared to harbor fewer parasites than did C57 mice. The hepatic and intestinal tissues of C57 mice were loaded with more eggs than that of BALB/C mice. Regardless the strain of mice, the number of eggs per gram of liver tissues was higher than in the intestinal tissues. Some biochemical parameters were measured in the liver of infected and non-infected mice; a significant decrease in the activities of alkaline phosphatase, catalase, glutathione-s-transferase, glutathione, and total lipids of infected mice compared to their matched control were observed. However, there was a significant increase in malondialdehyde level of infected mice compared to their matched group. Detailed discussion on the parasitological and biochemical differences between the two strains was presented.

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Anchitrema sanguineum and Prosthodendrium (Prosthodendrium) urna are two digenean trematodes infecting many species of bats in Egypt. The surface topography of them was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Examination of A. sanguineum revealed the presence of posteriorly directed broadbase spines allover the body. The oral sucker is bordered by several small sucker-like papillae and few irregularly distributed pores. The ventral sucker is smaller than the oral one and surrounded by several papillae. In P. (P.) urna the body is covered with simple, spines posteriorly directed. The oral sucker has few papillae and its tegumental rim slightly elevated. The ventral sucker is slightly larger than the oral one.

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The 124-bp repetitive and highly abundant DNA sequence--used as a specific probe for the detection of Fasciola hepatica infection in snails--was tested in the detection of F. gigantica infection in Lymnaea natalensis. The probe did not show any positive PCR results with Lymnaea natalensis, Physa acuta, Biomphalaria alexandrina and Bulinus trucatus or with Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium and Echinostoma liei. However, the probe was found capable to detect F. gigantica infection within L. natalensis at very early stages of the prepatent period and at very low concentrations. Thus, the present assay is specific and sensitive for the detection of F. gigantica within its intermediate host. It confirmed the idea that 124-bp repetitive and highly abundant DNA sequence in Fasciola sp. genome could be used as an epidmiological tool for examination of fasciolosis intermediate host. The nucleic acid-based assay could eliminate both inherent uncertainties and lengthy periods of time required for visual examination of the snails. Also, the assay is valuable in epizootiology of F. gigantica, vector suitability and host-parasite relationship.

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