RESUMEN
Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA) are important in mediating plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. MeJA and SA can act as elicitors by triggering plant defense responses similar to those induced by pathogens and may even provide long-term protection against them. Thus, exogenous application of MeJA and SA could protect susceptible avocado plants against white root rot (WRR) disease caused by the necrotrophic fungus Rosellinia necatrix, one of the main diseases affecting avocado orchards. This work evaluates the effects of MeJA or SA on the physiological and molecular response of susceptible 'Dusa' avocado rootstock and their ability to provide some protection against WRR. The application of MeJA and SA in avocado increased photoprotective mechanisms (nonphotochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching) and upregulated the glutathione S-transferase, suggesting the triggering of mechanisms closely related to oxidative stress relief and reactive oxygen species scavenging. In contrast to SA, MeJA's effects were more pronounced at the morphoanatomical level, including functional traits such as high leaf mass area, high stomatal density, and high root/shoot ratio, closely related to strategies to cope with water scarcity and WRR disease. Moreover, MeJA upregulated a greater number of defense-related genes than SA, including a glu protease inhibitor, a key gene in avocado defense against R. necatrix. The overall effects of MeJA increased 'Dusa' avocado tolerance to R. necatrix by inducing a primed state that delayed WRR disease symptoms. These findings point toward the use of MeJA application as an environmentally friendly strategy to mitigate the impact of this disease on susceptible avocado orchards.
Asunto(s)
Acetatos , Ciclopentanos , Oxilipinas , Persea , Enfermedades de las Plantas , Ácido Salicílico , Oxilipinas/farmacología , Persea/microbiología , Persea/efectos de los fármacos , Ciclopentanos/farmacología , Acetatos/farmacología , Ácido Salicílico/farmacología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/prevención & control , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Raíces de Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Raíces de Plantas/microbiología , Ascomicetos/fisiología , Ascomicetos/efectos de los fármacos , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/farmacología , Clorofila/metabolismoRESUMEN
Las experiencias traumáticas son muy frecuentes entre las personas que acu-den a los servicios de salud mental. Hay evidencia de que las circunstancias vitales de las personas juegan un papel fundamental en el desarrollo y el mantenimiento de los problemas psicológicos, emocionales y conductuales. Sin embargo, las experiencias trau-máticas se infradetectan en los servicios de salud mental y, con frecuencia, ni los servi-cios ni las prácticas que se realizan en ellos están adaptadas a esta realidad. Existe una diversidad de prácticas, desde el modelo de comprensión de lo que le ocurre a la persona hasta experiencias relacionadas con el trato o la coerción, que pueden retraumatizar. Se realiza una revisión narrativa sobre la presencia del trauma en las personas que acuden a los servicios de salud mental, las prácticas retraumatizantes y las propuestas para avanzar hacia servicios conscientes del trauma. (AU)
Traumatic experiences are very common among people attending mental heal-th services. There is evidence that people's life circumstances play a fundamental role in the development and maintenance of psychological, emotional and behavioral problems. However, traumatic experiences are underdetected in mental health services and, fre-quently, neither the services nor the practices carried out in them are adapted to this rea-lity. There is a diversity of practices, from the model of understanding what is happening to the person to experiences related to treatment or coerción, that can retraumatize. A narrative review on the presence of trauma in people attending mental health services is carried out. Retraumatizing practices and some proposals to move towards trauma-informed services are examined. (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Heridas y Lesiones , Salud Mental , Servicios de Salud , Coerción , AutomutilaciónRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Mentalization or reflective functioning (RF) is the capacity to interpret oneself or the others in terms of internal mental states. Its failures have been linked to several mental disorders and interventions improving RF have a therapeutic effect. Mentalizing capacity of the parents influences the children's attachment. The Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ-8) is a widely used tool for the assessment of RF. No instrument is available to assess general RF in Spanish-speaking samples. The aim of this study is to develop a Spanish version of the RFQ-8 and to evaluate its reliability and validity in the general population and in individuals with personality disorders. METHODS: 602 non-clinical and 41 personality disordered participants completed a Spanish translation of the RFQ and a battery of self-reported questionnaires assessing several RF related constructs (alexithymia, perspective taking, identity diffusion and mindfulness), psychopathology (general and specific) and interpersonal problems. Temporal stability was tested in a non-clinical sub-sample of 113 participants. RESULTS: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses suggested a one-factor structure in the Spanish version of the RFQ-8. RFQ-8 understood as a single scale was tested, with low scorings reflecting genuine mentalizing, and high scorings uncertainty. The questionnaire showed good internal consistence in both samples and moderate temporal stability in non-clinical sample. RFQ correlated significantly with identity diffusion, alexithymia, and general psychopathology in both samples; and with mindfulness, perspective taking, and interpersonal problems in clinical sample. Mean values of the scale were significantly higher in the clinical group. DISCUSSION: This study provides evidence that the Spanish version of the RFQ-8, understood as a single scale, has an adequate reliability and validity assessing failures in reflective functioning (i.e., hypomentalization) in general population and personality disorders.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos de la Personalidad , Traducciones , Niño , Humanos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Autoinforme , Trastornos de la Personalidad/diagnósticoRESUMEN
La estructura básica de los servicios de salud mental orientados a la comunidad se compone de cuatro tipos de dispositivos: las unidades de salud mental en los hospitales generales, los hospitales de día, los centros de salud mental y los centros de rehabilitación psicosocial, complementados con el apoyo social aportado por los servicios sociales especializados. Debido a que los dispositivos pueden acoger actividades muy diversas que pueden implicar a varios sectores de la Administración y del Tercer Sector simultánea o sucesivamente, y también debido a su implantación geográfica irregular, la gestión de los servicios de salud mental es un asunto complejo sobre el que todavía no se ha alcanzado un acuerdo. En el momento actual disponemos de varios instrumentos de medida y clasificación de los servicios para facilitar su evaluación, pero ninguno de ellos ha logrado popularizarse. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en dar cuenta de un nuevo instrumento, ESAMEN, para describir y medir la estructura de los servicios de salud mental comunitaria, y someterlo a un estudio de viabilidad. Este método no se basa en la clasificación de los dispositivos como se ha hecho hasta ahora, sino en la clasificación de las 32 actividades o módulos de atención que se practican en ellos. Para este estudio de viabilidad, se remitió una encuesta a los coordinadores de 380 dispositivos de salud mental de Andalucía, Euskadi y Madrid, solicitándoles información sobre el área de cobertura y el número de profesionales de cada uno de los módulos dispensados en su dispositivo. Con estos datos se elaboraron indicadores de capacidad (expresada como el tiempo máximo de dedicación por habitante y unidad de tiempo) y alcance (proporción del total de habitantes que es potencialmente beneficiaria del módulo). Las tablas de resultados muestran con claridad y sencillez la estructura de los servicios, valorando cada módulo según su capacidad y alcance poblacional, evidenciando desequilibrios en su distribución, permitiendo comparaciones entre áreas y comunidades, y dejando la puerta abierta al refinamiento de los indicadores y a la inclusión de nuevos módulos de actividad que se puedan desarrollar en el futuro
The basic structure of community-oriented mental health services consists of four types of facilities: mental health units in general hospitals, day hospitals, mental health centres, and psychosocial rehabilitation centres, complemented by social support provided by specialized social services. Due to the fact that these facilities can host very diverse health activities that may involve several sectors of the Administration and the Third Sector, simultaneously or successively, and also due to their irregular geographical implementation, the management of mental health services is a complex issue on which no agreement has yet been reached. At present, we have several instruments for measuring and classifying services to facilitate their management, but none of them has become popular. The aim of this work is to report on ESAMEN, a tool to classify and measure the structure of community mental health services, and to subject it to a feasibility study. This instrument is not based on the classification of facilities as has been done so far, but on the classification of the 32 activities or modules of care that are practiced in them. For this feasibility study, a survey was sent to the coordinators of 380 mental health facilities from Andalusia, Euskadi and Madrid, requesting information on the area of coverage and the number of professionals in each of the modules dispensed in their facility. With these data, indicators of capacity (expressed as the maximum time of professional dedication per inhabitant and unit of time) and scope (proportion of the total number of inhabitants who are potentially beneficiaries of the module) were elaborated. Results tables show with clarity and simplicity the structure of the services, evaluating each module according to its capacity and population scope, showing imbalances in its distribution, allowing comparisons between areas and Communities, and leaving the door open to the refinement of the indicators and the inclusion of new activity modules that may be developed in the future
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Niño , Adolescente , Anciano , Servicios Comunitarios de Salud Mental , Política de Salud , Servicios Comunitarios de Salud Mental/estadística & datos numéricos , Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricos , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Dopamine neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) tonically inhibit the release of the protein hormone prolactin from lactotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland and thus play a central role in prolactin homeostasis of the body. Prolactin, in turn, orchestrates numerous important biological functions such as maternal behavior, reproduction, and sexual arousal. Here, we identify the canonical transient receptor potential channel Trpc5 as an essential requirement for normal function of dopamine ARC neurons and prolactin homeostasis. By analyzing female mice carrying targeted mutations in the Trpc5 gene including a conditional Trpc5 deletion, we show that Trpc5 is required for maintaining highly stereotyped infraslow membrane potential oscillations of dopamine ARC neurons. Trpc5 is also required for eliciting prolactin-evoked tonic plateau potentials in these neurons that are part of a regulatory feedback circuit. Trpc5 mutant females show severe prolactin deficiency or hypoprolactinemia that is associated with irregular reproductive cyclicity, gonadotropin imbalance, and impaired reproductive capabilities. These results reveal a previously unknown role for the cation channel Trpc5 in prolactin homeostasis of female mice and provide strategies to explore the genetic basis of reproductive disorders and other malfunctions associated with defective prolactin regulation in humans.
Asunto(s)
Núcleo Arqueado del Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Neuronas Dopaminérgicas/metabolismo , Enfermedades Genéticas Congénitas/genética , Trastornos de la Lactancia/genética , Prolactina/deficiencia , Prolactina/genética , Canales Catiónicos TRPC/genética , Animales , Núcleo Arqueado del Hipotálamo/patología , Nivel de Alerta/fisiología , Neuronas Dopaminérgicas/patología , Retroalimentación Fisiológica , Femenino , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Enfermedades Genéticas Congénitas/metabolismo , Enfermedades Genéticas Congénitas/patología , Gonadotropinas/sangre , Gonadotropinas/genética , Homeostasis/genética , Humanos , Trastornos de la Lactancia/metabolismo , Trastornos de la Lactancia/patología , Potenciales de la Membrana/fisiología , Ratones , Mutación , Prolactina/sangre , Prolactina/metabolismo , Reproducción/fisiología , Transducción de Señal , Canales Catiónicos TRPC/deficienciaRESUMEN
Sensing the level of oxygen in the external and internal environments is essential for survival. Organisms have evolved multiple mechanisms to sense oxygen. No function in oxygen sensing has been attributed to any mammalian olfactory system. Here, we demonstrate that low environmental oxygen directly activates a subpopulation of sensory neurons in the mouse main olfactory epithelium. These neurons express the soluble guanylate cyclase Gucy1b2 and the cation channel Trpc2. Low oxygen induces calcium influx in these neurons, and Gucy1b2 and Trpc2 are required for these responses. In vivo exposure of a mouse to low environmental oxygen causes Gucy1b2-dependent activation of olfactory bulb neurons in the vicinity of the glomeruli formed by axons of Gucy1b2+ sensory neurons. Low environmental oxygen also induces conditioned place aversion, for which Gucy1b2 and Trpc2 are required. We propose that this chemosensory function enables a mouse to rapidly assess the oxygen level in the external environment.
Asunto(s)
Células Quimiorreceptoras/metabolismo , Mucosa Olfatoria/metabolismo , Oxígeno/metabolismo , Guanilil Ciclasa Soluble/genética , Canales Catiónicos TRPC/genética , Animales , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Mutación , Mucosa Olfatoria/citología , Guanilil Ciclasa Soluble/metabolismo , Canales Catiónicos TRPC/metabolismoRESUMEN
The volatile compounds of wines made from three grape varieties (Monastrell, Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah) using three pre-fermentation techniques (grape freezing, dry-ice and cold maceration) and a control treatment were measured. The different winemaking practices, which are intended to increase the aromatic properties of wines, produced results that depended on the variety concerned. For example, freezing the Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah grapes produced different results compared with the respective controls, whereas few changes were found on freezing the Monastrell wine. Differences were significant in the case of some volatile compounds. Linear discriminant analysis allowed some grouping of the varieties at sampling but not of the pre-fermentation techniques used.
Asunto(s)
Manipulación de Alimentos/métodos , Vitis/química , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/análisis , Vino/análisis , Frío , FermentaciónRESUMEN
Desde las primeras descripciones de la esquizofrenia se sospechó acerca de la contribución de la familia al establecimiento y curso de la enfermedad. En la segunda mitad del siglo XX surge el concepto de emoción expresada para referirse al estilo de comunicación prevalente dentro de una familia. La alta emoción expresada, determinada por altos niveles de criticismo, hostilidad o sobreimplicación emocional hacia el paciente, está reconocida como uno de los mejores predictores ambientales de recaída en esquizofrenia. Se han investigado posibles variables asociadas a la emoción expresada, incluidas características del paciente, familiares, de la enfermedad, cultura, etc. Las intervenciones familiares disminuyen el número de recaídas mediante la reducción de la expresión emocional, el estrés y la carga familiar. El modelo de atención comunitaria en el trastorno mental grave debe implicar el compromiso de dotar a la familia del paciente de las herramientas suficientes para afrontar la enfermedad de forma digna (AU)
From the first descriptions of schizophrenia has been suspected the contribution of the family to the establishment and course of the disease. In the second half of the 20th century the concept of Expressed emotion emerged as referring the prevalent style of family communication. High expressed emotion, determined by high levels of criticism, hostility or emotional over-involvement towards the patient, is recognized as one of the best environmental predictors of relapse in schizophrenia. It has been investigated potential factors associated with expressed emotion, including characteristics of the patient, family, of the disease, culture, etc. Family interventions decrease the number of relapses by the reduction of emotional expression, stress and family burden. The model of community- based healthcare in severe mental disorder must involve commitment to provide the family of the patient of the necessary tools to deal with the disease in a dignified manner (AU)