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OBJECTIVE: To develop a well-detailed and reproducible tooth segmentation method, when quantifying tooth volumetric measurements is needed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was an in vitro study in which lower incisors and canines of five patients were 3D reconstructed by means of an automatic segmentation with manual refinements process. All the images were obtained using a 0.3-mm voxel size CBCT imaging. The software utilized was the ITK-SNAP®. The primary outcomes were the intra-rater and inter-rater reliabilities and the respective measurement errors. RESULTS: The intra-rater reliability was excellent, with a mean measurement error of 4.16%. The inter-rater reliability was good, with a mean measurement error of 7.11%. Accuracy assessment was not possible, as the assessed teeth were not extracted. CONCLUSIONS: Although the described method is reliable, tooth volumetric error measurements may become significant, depending on the assessed situation.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To develop a well-detailed and reproducible tooth segmentation method, when quantifying tooth volumetric measurements is needed. Material and Methods: This was an in vitro study in which lower incisors and canines of five patients were 3D reconstructed by means of an automatic segmentation with manual refinements process. All the images were obtained using a 0.3-mm voxel size CBCT imaging. The software utilized was the ITK-SNAP®. The primary outcomes were the intra-rater and inter-rater reliabilities and the respective measurement errors. Results: The intra-rater reliability was excellent, with a mean measurement error of 4.16%. The inter-rater reliability was good, with a mean measurement error of 7.11%. Accuracy assessment was not possible, as the assessed teeth were not extracted. Conclusions: Although the described method is reliable, tooth volumetric error measurements may become significant, depending on the assessed situation.

RESUMO Objetivo: Desenvolver um método de segmentação dentária bem detalhado e reprodutível, para quando for necessário quantificar as medidas volumétricas dos dentes. Material e Métodos: Esse foi um estudo in vitro no qual incisivos inferiores e caninos de cinco pacientes foram reconstruídos em 3D por meio de um processo de segmentação automática com refinamentos manuais. Todas as imagens de TCFC foram obtidas usando tamanho de voxel de 0,3 mm. O software utilizado foi o ITK-SNAP®. Os resultados primários foram as confiabilidades intra-avaliadores e interavaliadores e os respectivos erros de medição. Resultados: A confiabilidade intra-avaliador foi excelente, com erro médio de medição de 4,16%. A confiabilidade interavaliadores foi boa, com erro médio de medição de 7,11%. A avaliação da precisão não foi possível, pois os dentes avaliados não foram extraídos. Conclusões: Embora o método descrito seja confiável, os erros nas medições volumétricas dos dentes podem se tornar significativos, dependendo da situação avaliada.

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Data sourcesThe search strategy focused on publications up to May 2015 in five electronic databases: PubMed, LILACS, Scopus, Web of Science and Science Direct. Furthermore, a partial grey literature search through Google Scholar and a hand-search of the references of the included studies were also performed.Study selectionThose studies including patients with TMD associated with otologic signs and symptoms treated with conservative therapies, such as physiotherapy or cognitive behavioural therapy. These studies needed to describe whether the conservative treatments affected the associated otologic signs and symptoms. No language or time restrictions were applied.Data extraction and synthesisThe search was completed in two stages. 1st stage: titles and abstracts were screened and included (or excluded) independently by two reviewers. 2nd stage: the same selection criteria were applied to the full text of the previously selected studies by the same reviewers. Disagreements were discussed, and a third author was involved, when required, to make a final decision. Study quality was assessed by the two reviewers using two risk of bias tools: 'Quality Assessment of a Cohort Study' and 'Quality Assessment of a Randomised Clinical Trial'. Because of heterogeneity in the study designs only a narrative summary was presented.ResultsEight studies were finally included in this review. Three of them were randomised clinical trials and five were cohort studies. All studies had an acceptable risk of bias, except one with high risk of bias. Seven of the eight studies showed total or partial resolution of otologic signs and/or symptoms after TMD therapy.ConclusionsInsufficient evidence was identified to strongly support positive or negative changes in otologic signs and symptoms after conservative management therapies for TMD. Further studies with a higher level of evidence and more representative samples should be conducted to improve our understanding of the effect of TMD therapy on otologic complains.

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