RESUMEN

A significant proportion of carbon (C) captured by terrestrial primary production is buried in lacustrine ecosystems, which have been substantially affected by anthropogenic activities globally. However, there is a scarcity of sedimentary organic carbon (OC) accumulation information for lakes surrounded by highly productive rainforests at warm tropical latitudes, or in response to land cover and climate change. Here, we combine new data from intensive campaigns spanning 13 lakes across remote Amazonian regions with a broad literature compilation, to produce the first spatially-weighted global analysis of recent OC burial in lakes (over ~50-100-years) that integrates both biome type and forest cover. We find that humid tropical forest lake sediments are a disproportionately important global OC sink of ~80 Tg C yr-1 with implications for climate change. Further, we demonstrate that temperature and forest conservation are key factors in maintaining massive organic carbon pools in tropical lacustrine sediments.

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Seasonal variability of dissolved and particulate methylmercury (F-MeHg, P-MeHg) concentrations was studied in the waters of the Amazon River and its associated Curuai floodplain during hydrological year 2005-2006, to understand the MeHg exchanges between these aquatic systems. In the oxic white water lakes, with neutral pH, high F-MeHg and P-MeHg concentrations were measured during the rising water stage (0.70±0.37pmol/L, n=26) and flood peak (14.19±9.32pmol/g, n=7) respectively, when the Amazon River water discharge into the lakes was at its maximum. The lowest mean values were reported during the dry season (0.18±0.07pmol/L F-MeHg, n=10 and 1.35±1.24pmol/g P-MeHg, n=8), when water and suspended sediments were outflowing from the lakes into the River. In these lakes, the MeHg concentrations were associated to the aluminium and organic carbon/nitrogen changes. In the black water lakes, with acidic pH and reducing conditions, elevated MeHg concentrations were recorded (0.58±0.32pmol/L F-MeHg, n=16 and 19.82±15.13pmol/g P-MeHg, n=6), and correlated with the organic carbon and manganese concentrations. Elevated values of MeHg partition coefficient (4.87

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We evaluated in situ rates of bacterial carbon processing in Amazonian floodplain lakes and mainstems, during both high water (HW) and low water (LW) phases (p < 0.05). Our results showed that bacterial production (BP) was lower and more variable than bacterial respiration, determined as total respiration. Bacterial carbon demand was mostly accounted by BR and presented the same pattern that BR in both water phases. Bacterial growth efficiency (BGE) showed a wide range (0.2-23%) and low mean value of 3 and 6%, (in HW and LW, respectively) suggesting that dissolved organic carbon was mostly allocated to catabolic metabolism. However, BGE was regulated by BP in LW phase. Consequently, changes in BGE showed the same pattern that BP. In addition, the hydrological pulse effects on mainstems and floodplains lakes connectivity were found for BP and BGE in LW. Multiple correlation analyses revealed that indexes of organic matter (OM) quality (chlorophyll-a, N stable isotopes and C/N ratios) were the strongest seasonal drivers of bacterial carbon metabolism. Our work indicated that: (i) the bacterial metabolism was mostly driven by respiration in Amazonian aquatic ecosystems resulting in low BGE in either high or LW phase; (ii) the hydrological pulse regulated the bacterial heterotrophic metabolism between Amazonian mainstems and floodplain lakes mostly driven by OM quality.

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River systems connect the terrestrial biosphere, the atmosphere and the ocean in the global carbon cycle. A recent estimate suggests that up to 3 petagrams of carbon per year could be emitted as carbon dioxide (CO2) from global inland waters, offsetting the carbon uptake by terrestrial ecosystems. It is generally assumed that inland waters emit carbon that has been previously fixed upstream by land plant photosynthesis, then transferred to soils, and subsequently transported downstream in run-off. But at the scale of entire drainage basins, the lateral carbon fluxes carried by small rivers upstream do not account for all of the CO2 emitted from inundated areas downstream. Three-quarters of the world's flooded land consists of temporary wetlands, but the contribution of these productive ecosystems to the inland water carbon budget has been largely overlooked. Here we show that wetlands pump large amounts of atmospheric CO2 into river waters in the floodplains of the central Amazon. Flooded forests and floating vegetation export large amounts of carbon to river waters and the dissolved CO2 can be transported dozens to hundreds of kilometres downstream before being emitted. We estimate that Amazonian wetlands export half of their gross primary production to river waters as dissolved CO2 and organic carbon, compared with only a few per cent of gross primary production exported in upland (not flooded) ecosystems. Moreover, we suggest that wetland carbon export is potentially large enough to account for at least the 0.21 petagrams of carbon emitted per year as CO2 from the central Amazon River and its floodplains. Global carbon budgets should explicitly address temporary or vegetated flooded areas, because these ecosystems combine high aerial primary production with large, fast carbon export, potentially supporting a substantial fraction of CO2 evasion from inland waters.

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ste estudo tem por objetivo caracterizar os sedimentos superficiais, quanto ao seu teor e qualidade dos fenóis da lignina, em dois sistemas lacustres distintos: a Várzea do Lago Grande Curuái (PA) e o Lago do Caçó (MA). A Várzea do Lago Grande Curuái é localizada na margem direita do Rio Amazonas, aproximadamente 850 km da foz e é caracterizada pela presença de lagos de águas brancas e pretas. O Lago do Caçó está localizado no Maranhão, na borda do ecossistema amazônico. Foram realizadas análises da concentração de lignina (λ), carbono orgânico total (COT), nitrogênio e isótopos do carbono (δ13C). Os resultados indicam que os sedimentos superficias de lagos de águas brancas apresentam baixos valores de COT (1,5 a 3,6%), baixa concentração de λ (0,73 a 1,28 mg.100mg CO-1) e alto índice de degradação (0,29 a 2,01). Os sedimentos superficiais de lagos de águas pretas apresentam maiores valores de COT (6,0 a 12,1%) e de λ (1,44 a 1,93 mg.100mg CO-1) em relação aos sedimentos de lagos de águas brancas, porém baixos em comparação com os sedimentos do Lago do Caçó (7,2 ~ 15,3% e 1,83 ~ 4,64 mg .100mg CO-1, respectivamente). Através das análises realizadas foi possível identificar diferentes contribuições de fontes assim como diferentes estados de preservação da matéria orgânica sedimentada nos dois sistemas apresentados.

This study aims to characterize the superficial sediments of lakes in black and white waters of an Amazonian floodplain system in terms of carbon content and quality of lignin phenols. "Várzea do Lago Grande Curuái" floodplain is located on the right bank of the Amazon River about 850 km from the estuary. Superficial sediments samples were compared with superficial samples from Lake Caçó, located in Maranhão, the edge of the Amazon ecosystem. Concentration of lignin (λ), Total Organic Carbon (COT), nitrogen and isotope of carbon (δ13C) were undertaken. The results indicate that, in general, the superficial sediments of lakes of white water have low values of COT (1,5 to 3,6%), low concentrations of λ (0,73 to 1,28 mg.100mg CO-1) and high degradation index (0.29 to 2.01). Superficial sediments of lakes of black water had higher values of COT (6,0 to 12,1%) and λ (1,44 to 1,93 mg.100mg CO-1) than the sediments of lakes of white waters, but lower in comparison with the sediments of Caçó Lake. Through such analysis, it was possible to identify different contributions of organic matter sources and the preservation states to the superficial sediments at both sites.

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This study aims to characterize the superficial sediments of lakes in black and white waters of an Amazonian floodplain system in terms of carbon content and quality of lignin phenols. "Várzea do Lago Grande Curuái" floodplain is located on the right bank of the Amazon River about 850 km from the estuary. Superficial sediments samples were compared with superficial samples from Lake Caçó, located in Maranhão, the edge of the Amazon ecosystem. Concentration of lignin (), Total Organic Carbon (COT), nitrogen and isotope of carbon (13C) were undertaken. The results indicate that, in general, the superficial sediments of lakes of white water have low values of COT (1,5 to 3,6%), low concentrations of (0,73 to 1,28 mg.100mg CO-1) and high degradation index (0.29 to 2.01). Superficial sediments of lakes of black water had higher values of COT (6,0 to 12,1%) and (1,44 to 1,93 mg.100mg CO-1) than the sediments of lakes of white waters, but lower in comparison with the sediments of Caçó Lake. Through such analysis, it was possible to identify different contributions of organic matter sources and the preservation states to the superficial sediments at both sites.

Este estudo tem por objetivo caracterizar os sedimentos superficiais, quanto ao seu teor e qualidade dos fenóis da lignina, em dois sistemas lacustres distintos: a Várzea do Lago Grande Curuái (PA) e o Lago do Caçó (MA). A Várzea do Lago Grande Curuái é localizada na margem direita do Rio Amazonas, aproximadamente 850 km da foz e é caracterizada pela presença de lagos de águas brancas e pretas. O Lago do Caçó está localizado no Maranhão, na borda do ecossistema amazônico. Foram realizadas análises da concentração de lignina (), carbono orgânico total (COT), nitrogênio e isótopos do carbono (13C). Os resultados indicam que os sedimentos superficias de lagos de águas brancas apresentam baixos valores de COT (1,5 a 3,6%), baixa concentração de (0,73 a 1,28 mg.100mg CO-1) e alto índice de degradação (0,29 a 2,01). Os sedimentos superficiais de lagos de águas pretas apresentam maiores valores de COT (6,0 a 12,1%) e de (1,44 a 1,93 mg.100mg CO-1) em relação aos sedimentos de lagos de águas brancas, porém baixos em comparação com os sedimentos do Lago do Caçó (7,2 ~ 15,3% e 1,83 ~ 4,64 mg .100mg CO-1, respectivamente). Através das análises realizadas foi possível identificar diferentes contribuições de fontes assim como diferentes estados de preservação da matéria orgânica sedimentada nos dois sistemas apresentados.

RESUMEN

Este estudo tem por objetivo caracterizar os sedimentos superficiais de um sistema de Várzea do Rio Amazonas, quanto a sua granulometria e ao seu teor orgânico, assim como compreender a origem e a hidrodinâmica destes sedimentos. 51 amostras de sedimento superficial foram coletadas na Várzea do Lago Grande de Curuai, localizada na margem direita do Rio Amazonas à aproximadamente 850km da foz. A granulometria, o teor em carbono orgânico e nitrogênio total, a razão entre o carbono e o nitrogênio (C/N), assim como o isótopo estável do carbono (δ13C) e do nitrogênio (δ15N) foram utilisados para este fim. Este estudo colocou em evidência que os sedimentos da várzea são finos, caracterizados principalmente pela presença de silte (médio à fino), seguido de argila e tem como principal fonte o Rio Amazonas e a Formação Alter do Chão. A presença de areia é pequena e extremamente localizada, próxima as áreas de deságue dos igarapés de terra firme que representam sua maior fonte. O teor de matéria orgânica nestes sedimentos varia entre 1,5 à 37% de carbono. Os resultados do isótopo do carbono (13C) e da razão C/N evidenciam a presença de matéria orgânica composta por diferentes fontes: material orgânico terrígeno, macrofítico, solos, material orgânico transportado pelo rio, e um componente fitoplanctônico.

The main objectives of this study were to characterize superficial sediments of an Amazonian floodplain system, by its size and organic content, and also to understand the local hydrodynamic and sources of these sediments. 51 samples of superficial sediment were collected in the floodplain “Várzea do Lago Grande de Curuai”, located on the right bank of the Amazon River, approximately, 850km from the estuary. The granulometry, the organic carbon and total nitrogen contents, the carbon and nitrogen ratio (C/N), as well as the isotope of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) were used. This study points out that the sediments of the Curuai floodplain are fine, characterized mainly by the presence of silt (medium to fine), followed by clays. The main sources of these sediments are the Amazon River followed by “Alter do Chão” formation. The presence of sand was extremely located and near the inflow areas of “terra firme” igarapés that are the main source. The organic matter contents ranged between 1.5% and 37% of carbon. On the other hand, the results of 13C and C/N ratio evidence the presence of an organic matter made up of different sources: flooding forest, macrofítes, soil, organic material carried by the River and a phytoplanctonic component.

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Physical, chemical and geochemical characteristics of lacustrine sediments were studied to reconstruct paleohydrologyical control on sedimentation in an Amazonian floodplain. A core was collected at the Lago Grande de Curuai floodplain, in the Santa Ninha Lake, located on the right margin of the Amazon River at 850 km of the estuary. Water content, granulometry, radiocarbon dating, organic carbon, nitrogen content and 13C were used to characterize the sedimentary processes. The core is 270 cm-long which corresponds to 5600 cal years BP. The core points out different sedimentary environments: flooded vegetation at the base of the core till 4900 cal years BP is substituted by grass banks changing to a floodplain encompassing prolonged annual dryness at 4000 cal years BP. Since 600 cal years BP, the present day Varzea Lake, permanently over flooded, has been installed.

Este estudo teve por objetivo reconstituir as mudanças paleoambientais e paleohidrológicas no baixo Amazonas. Um testemunho de sedimento foi coletado no Lago Santa Ninha, na várzea do Lago Grande de Curuai, localizada na margem direita do Rio Amazonas a aproximadamente 850 km da foz. O teor de água, a granulometria, as datações com carbono 14, os conteúdos de carbono orgânico e nitrogênio total e o isótopo estável do carbono (13C) foram utilizados para determinar os processos sedimentares a que o meio esteve submetido. O testemunho estudado possui 270 cm de comprimento que corresponde a um período de 5600 anos cal AP. Este estudo colocou em evidência diferentes ambientes sedimentares: na base do testemunho até 4900 anos cal AP há uma vegetação inundada que foi gradualmente substituida por bancos de gramíneas e por uma planicie com secas sazonais em 4000 anos cal AP até alcançar, desde 600 anos AP as condições atuais deste lago. Estas alterações podem ter ocorrido em decorrência de mudanças no ciclo hidrológico do Rio Amazonas que, por sua vez, também são reflexos de alterações climáticas.

RESUMEN

Physical, chemical and geochemical characteristics of lacustrine sediments were studied to reconstruct paleohydrologyical control on sedimentation in an Amazonian floodplain. A core was collected at the Lago Grande de Curuai floodplain, in the Santa Ninha Lake, located on the right margin of the Amazon River at 850 km of the estuary. Water content, granulometry, radiocarbon dating, organic carbon, nitrogen content and 13C were used to characterize the sedimentary processes. The core is 270 cm-long which corresponds to 5600 cal years BP. The core points out different sedimentary environments: flooded vegetation at the base of the core till 4900 cal years BP is substituted by grass banks changing to a floodplain encompassing prolonged annual dryness at 4000 cal years BP. Since 600 cal years BP, the present day Varzea Lake, permanently over flooded, has been installed.

Este estudo teve por objetivo reconstituir as mudanças paleoambientais e paleohidrológicas no baixo Amazonas. Um testemunho de sedimento foi coletado no Lago Santa Ninha, na várzea do Lago Grande de Curuai, localizada na margem direita do Rio Amazonas a aproximadamente 850 km da foz. O teor de água, a granulometria, as datações com carbono 14, os conteúdos de carbono orgânico e nitrogênio total e o isótopo estável do carbono (13C) foram utilizados para determinar os processos sedimentares a que o meio esteve submetido. O testemunho estudado possui 270 cm de comprimento que corresponde a um período de 5600 anos cal AP. Este estudo colocou em evidência diferentes ambientes sedimentares: na base do testemunho até 4900 anos cal AP há uma vegetação inundada que foi gradualmente substituida por bancos de gramíneas e por uma planicie com secas sazonais em 4000 anos cal AP até alcançar, desde 600 anos AP as condições atuais deste lago. Estas alterações podem ter ocorrido em decorrência de mudanças no ciclo hidrológico do Rio Amazonas que, por sua vez, também são reflexos de alterações climáticas.

RESUMEN

The main objectives of this study were to characterize superficial sediments of an Amazonian floodplain system, by its size and organic content, and also to understand the local hydrodynamic and sources of these sediments. 51 samples of superficial sediment were collected in the floodplain "Várzea do Lago Grande de Curuai", located on the right bank of the Amazon River, approximately, 850km from the estuary. The granulometry, the organic carbon and total nitrogen contents, the carbon and nitrogen ratio (C/N), as well as the isotope of carbon (13C) and nitrogen (15N) were used. This study points out that the sediments of the Curuai floodplain are fine, characterized mainly by the presence of silt (medium to fine), followed by clays. The main sources of these sediments are the Amazon River followed by "Alter do Chão" formation. The presence of sand was extremely located and near the inflow areas of "terra firme" igarapés that are the main source. The organic matter contents ranged between 1.5% and 37% of carbon. On the other hand, the results of 13C and C/N ratio evidence the presence of an organic matter made up of different sources: flooding forest, macrofítes, soil, organic material carried by the River and a phytoplanctonic component.

Este estudo tem por objetivo caracterizar os sedimentos superficiais de um sistema de Várzea do Rio Amazonas, quanto a sua granulometria e ao seu teor orgânico, assim como compreender a origem e a hidrodinâmica destes sedimentos. 51 amostras de sedimento superficial foram coletadas na Várzea do Lago Grande de Curuai, localizada na margem direita do Rio Amazonas à aproximadamente 850km da foz. A granulometria, o teor em carbono orgânico e nitrogênio total, a razão entre o carbono e o nitrogênio (C/N), assim como o isótopo estável do carbono (13C) e do nitrogênio (15N) foram utilisados para este fim. Este estudo colocou em evidência que os sedimentos da várzea são finos, caracterizados principalmente pela presença de silte (médio à fino), seguido de argila e tem como principal fonte o Rio Amazonas e a Formação Alter do Chão. A presença de areia é pequena e extremamente localizada, próxima as áreas de deságue dos igarapés de terra firme que representam sua maior fonte. O teor de matéria orgânica nestes sedimentos varia entre 1,5 à 37% de carbono. Os resultados do isótopo do carbono (13C) e da razão C/N evidenciam a presença de matéria orgânica composta por diferentes fontes: material orgânico terrígeno, macrofítico, solos, material orgânico transportado pelo rio, e um componente fitoplanctônico.