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Abstract Sympatric mud crab species Panopeus americanus and Panopeus austrobesus are found in intertidal environments associated with muddy and rocky habitats in the Western Atlantic coast. Therefore, they are a suitable model system to be used in studies focused on investigating biological coexistence aspects between close species, such as population structure and habitat. The aims of the current study are to describe and compare the distribution of two sympatric mud crab species - P. americanus and P. austrobesus - based on their spatial and temporal distribution, in a low human impact estuarine complex area. The hypothesis that these two species show similar distribution, although one species is more abundant than the other, was herein tested. Sampling was carried out in the intertidal zone of a specific area in Cananeia estuarine complex, São Paulo State, Southeastern Brazil, in different periods of time for two years. Both species presented similar pattern distribution and frequency, with predominance in the middle and high intertidal zones, including all demographic categories. However, Panopeus americanus was more abundant and presented smaller mean size in all sampling zones. The pronounced disparity in size between the species suggests divergent dietary preferences, potentially related to prey size allowing the coexistence of these sympatric and syntopic species. The predominance of these two species in the upper intertidal zones was understood as a strategy for avoiding competition with the intertidal alpheid shrimps.

Resumo As espécies simpátricas de caranguejo-da-lama Panopeus americanus e Panopeus austrobesus são encontradas em ambientes entremarés associados a habitats lamacentos e rochosos, bem como em simpatria na costa do Atlântico Ocidental. Portanto, constituem um sistema modelo adequado para ser utilizado em estudos focados na investigação de aspectos de coexistência biológica entre espécies semelhantes, como estrutura populacional e habitat. Os objetivos do presente estudo são descrever e comparar a microdistribuição de duas espécies simpátricas de caranguejo-da-lama - P. americanus e P. austrobesus - com base na avaliação de sua distribuição espacial e temporal, em uma área estuarina complexa e com baixo impacto antrópico. A hipótese de que estas duas espécies apresentam microdistribuição semelhante, embora uma espécie seja mais abundante que a outra, foi testada. A amostragem foi realizada na zona entremarés de uma área específica do complexo estuarino de Cananeia, Estado de São Paulo, Sudeste do Brasil, em diferentes períodos durante dois anos. Ambas as espécies apresentaram microdistribuição e frequência semelhantes, principalmente nas zonas entremarés média e alta. Entretanto, Panopeus americanus foi mais abundante e apresentou menor tamanho médio em todas as zonas amostrais. A pronunciada disparidade de tamanho entre as espécies sugere preferências alimentares divergentes, potencialmente relacionadas ao tamanho das presas possibilitando a coexistência dessas espécies simpátricas. A predominância dessas duas espécies nas zonas intermareais superiores também indica uma estratégia para evitar a competição com os camarões alfeídeos.

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Cinnamaldehyde is a natural product with anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory properties, known to regulate host responses to bacterial stimuli. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cinnamaldehyde on ligature-induced periodontitis in rats, and its impact on the modulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Male Wistar rats were assigned into three groups:i) control: no ligature + vehicle; ii) ligature: ligature + vehicle; and iii) ligature + cinnamaldehyde (50 mg/kg); all treatments by daily oral gavage. After 14 days of induced periodontitis, the hemimandibles were collected for bone loss evaluation. The gingival levels of IL-1ß, MMP-9 and iNOS mRNA were evaluated. Nitric oxide (NO) was measured in both rat saliva and plasma. PBMC were stimulated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) in the presence or absence of cinnamaldehyde (5, 20 e 40 µM), and cytokine production was quantified in cell supernatant. Proliferating lymphocytes were taken for flow cytometer reading, while culture supernatants were used for IFN-γ and IL-10 assessment. The ligature group had both increased alveolar bone loss and gingival expression of IL-1ß, MMP-9 and iNOS compared to the control group. All parameters were attenuated by cinnamaldehyde treatment. Lower salivary but not plasma NO was detected in the cinnamaldehyde compared to the ligature group. Aa-stimulated PBMCs treated with cinnamaldehyde produced less IL-1ß; the compound also attenuated lymphocyte proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, as well as cell IL-10 production. Cinnamaldehyde treatment reduced periodontal bone loss, and downregulated key inflammatory mediators and human PBMC responses, pointing to novel potential therapeutic effects of this compound.

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Seasonal changes play a key ecological role, structuring biotic processes and communities. Yet we generally lack an understanding of how seasonal flood regimes affect communities in floodplains. Herein, we investigated the effects of seasonal changes in taxonomic and functional diversity of lizard communities in southern Pantanal ecoregion. Lizards were sampled in seven sites encompassing seasonally flooded grasslands and dense arboreal savannas, across rainy and dry seasons (2005-2006). Functional diversity metrics were based on three morphological traits and included intraspecific variability. We collected a total of 810 lizards from 13 species. Species richness did not differ across seasons or months. Lizard abundance varied among sampling months, but did not differ between rainy and dry season. Low values of abundance were recorded at drawdown period. Community composition did not vary between seasons. Functional diversity metrics exhibited random distributions, and both functional richness and evenness were not influenced by seasons. Although communities seem to be resilient to seasonal variations, our findings highlighted that transition from rainy to dry season may represent an important constraint on lizard abundance. Including traits related to food acquisition and predator avoidance could provide new insights into the effects of seasonal floods on floodplains' lizard communities.

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Objetivo: Conhecer as concepções e práticas dos enfermeiros da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) acerca dos casos de violência infantil. Método: Estudo descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, realizado com enfermeiros de unidades de ESF em um município do estado de São Paulo, Brasil, no ano de 2017. Para coleta de dados, utilizou-se a entrevista semiestruturada, empregouse a técnica de análise temática e COREQ para redação cientifica. Aprovado pelo CEP sob CAAE 65991417.0.0000.5431. Resultados: Da análise, emergiram como categorias: conhecimento e percepção acerca da violência infantil, posicionamento e ações desenvolvidas frente à violência infantil nas unidades e aspectos éticos e responsabilidades do profissional enfermeiro. Conclusões: Os discursos revelaram que as profissionais obtêm conhecimento sobre a temática e conseguem identificar os sinais e sintomas de violência nas crianças e adolescentes. Apesar disso, as enfermeiras manifestaram insegurança no processo de notificação, demonstrando medo para realizar e se envolver legalmente frente aos casos.(AU)

Objective: To know the conceptions and practices of nurses in the Family Health Strategy (ESF) about cases of child violence. Method: Descriptive study with a qualitative approach, carried out with nurses from FHS units in a city in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, in 2017. For data collection, a semi-structured interview was used, using the technique of thematic analysis and COREQ for scientific writing. Approved by CEP under CAAE 65991417.0.0000.5431. Results: From the analysis, the following categories emerged: knowledge and perception about child violence, positioning and actions taken in relation to child violence in the units, and ethical aspects and responsibilities of the professional nurse. Conclusions: The speeches revealed that the professionals obtain knowledge on the subject and are able to identify the signs and symptoms of violence in children and adolescents. Despite this, the nurses expressed insecurity in the notification process, showing fear to perform and get legally involved in the cases(AU)

Objetivo: Conocer las concepciones y prácticas de los enfermeros en la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia (ESF) sobre los casos de violencia infantil. Método: Estudio descriptivo con abordaje cualitativo, realizado con enfermeros de unidades de la ESF de una ciudad del estado de São Paulo, Brasil, en 2017. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó una entrevista semiestructurada, utilizando la técnica de análisis temático y COREQ para escritura científica. Aprobado por CEP bajo CAAE 65991417.0.0000.5431. Resultados: Del análisis surgieron las siguientes categorías: conocimiento y percepción sobre la violencia infantil, posicionamiento y acciones tomadas en relación a la violencia infantil en las unidades, y aspectos éticos y responsabilidades del profesional de enfermería. Conclusiones: Los discursos revelaron que los profesionales obtienen conocimientos sobre el tema y son capaces de identificar los signos y síntomas de violencia en niños y adolescentes. Pese a ello, las enfermeras expresaron inseguridad en el proceso de notificación, mostrando miedo a desempeñarse e involucrarse legalmente en los casos(AU)

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BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) infections are the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) globally. The latter has contributed to a variety of adverse outcomes for both sexes. Moreover, in Brazil, epidemiological studies on patients with STIs are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of TV and its association with HPV in women undergoing cervical cancer screening. METHODS: Women with a normal cervix were recruited from a community-based cervical cancer screening program. Gynecological examinations were conducted, and questionnaires were provided. Vaginal canal and uterine cervix samples were collected for cytological examinations (reported using the 2001 Bethesda System) and tested for the presence of TV and HPV DNA. RESULTS: In total, 562 women who attended public primary healthcare were included in the study. The T. vaginalis was present in 19.0% (107) and HPV DNA was present in 46.8% (263) of women. Among the women of TV 73.8% (79) had a co-infection with HPV (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that a TV infection is associated with an HPV infection of the cervix as well as with the cervical cytological abnormalities. Further studies could reveal the mechanisms by which these two organisms interact at the cellular level, with control for shared behavioral risk factors.

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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate whether the occurrence of urinary incontinence (UI) is associated with increased odds of depression in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 208 women with depressive symptoms, confirmed by the Beck Depression Inventory, and 247 patients without depression. All participants were perimenopausal or postmenopausal women aged 35 to 65 years who attended an outpatient clinic from a tertiary-academic hospital in Northeastern Brazil. Urinary incontinence symptoms were assessed using patient's self-report and the validated versions of the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form and the Questionnaire for Urinary Incontinence Diagnosis. To investigate the severity of climacteric symptoms, the Blatt-Kupperman Index was used, and menopause-related quality of life was analyzed using the Utian Quality of Life Questionnaire. RESULTS: In univariate analysis, the Beck Depression Inventory-II mean scores for UI and non-UI women were, respectively, 15.5 (95% confidence interval, 14.28-16.72) and 11.83 (10.52-13.13; P < 0.05). Patients with moderate and severe scores of depression reported higher International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form and Questionnaire for Urinary Incontinence Diagnosis scores when compared with women with mild depression scores and women without depression (P < 0.001). Conversely, in multivariate analysis, having UI was not associated with having depression (odds ratio [OR], 0.85; 0.52-1.37; P = 0.50), after adjusting for confounders. Older age (>55 years) was associated with decreased odds of depression (OR, 0.43; 0.21-0.88; P = 0.02), whereas moderate (OR, 2.28; 1.40-3.71; P = 0.001) and severe (OR, 7.70; 2.79-21.23) intensities of menopause symptoms were associated with increased odds of depression. CONCLUSION: Urinary incontinence was not associated with depression within climacteric women after multivariate analysis.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of pool-based exercises on pain symptomatology among adults with fibromyalgia syndrome. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out using PRISMA guidelines. Database search was conducted by two independent reviewers. For meta-analysis, the visual analogue scale (VAS) score for pain was used as the primary outcome and the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) score was utilized as the secondary outcome. RESULTS: A total of 42 out of 292 potentially eligible studies were selected for being read in full by reviewers, 14 of which were included in meta-analysis, being 10 of them used in sensitivity analysis of either the primary or secondary outcome. Data pooled from 10 randomized controlled trials (n = 508) revealed that patients who underwent pool-based exercises exhibited a significantly lower mean in VAS score as compared to controls (SMD = -0.27, 95% CI: -0.45 to -0.09). Regarding FIQ scores, data from 10 randomized controlled trials were pooled (n = 578) and a lower mean score was also shown in the group that underwent a pool-based exercise program (SMD = -0.29, 95% CI: -0.49 to -0.09). Limitations of this study include the small sample size and moderate dropout rates in currently available clinical trials. CONCLUSION: Pool-based exercise may provide some additional benefit for pain relief in adults with fibromyalgia as compared to either land-based or no physical exercise. IMPLICATIONS OF KEY FINDINGS: Collectively, these findings suggest that pool-based exercise deserves further attention as a potential adjuvant therapeutic option for adults with fibromyalgia. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42019136755.

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Objective: To assess salivary biomarkers for dental caries susceptibility and mental stress in young adults with perceived facial pain.Methods: Males and females who reported facial pain and pain-free controls participated in this study. Facial pain was investigated using the RDC/TMD. Unstimulated saliva was then collected for the evaluation of salivary flow rate (SFR), pH, Streptococcus mutans counts, morning cortisol, and S-IgA.Results: Women with facial pain had significantly lower SFR values, and the facial pain group showed different correlations among biomarkers for caries susceptibility and cortisol levels when compared to controls. Notably, higher SFR values were associated with a lower likelihood of having facial pain.Conclusion: Differences in SFR values, particularly in women, and markedly distinct interactions among the salivary biomarkers analyzed were observed between individuals with facial pain and pain-free controls. Hence, a connection between the dynamics of saliva, stress response, and facial pain perception might exist.

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BACKGROUND: Desipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant with immune-modulatory activity, whose effects on ligature-induced periodontitis are yet to be investigated. Hence, its actions on alveolar bone resorption, gingival collagen content and key inflammatory mediators were herewith analyzed. METHODS: A total of 60 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into three groups: 1) control: rats without ligature treated with vehicle (saline); 2) ligature: rats with ligature-induced periodontitis treated with vehicle; 3) ligature + desipramine: rats with ligature-induced periodontitis treated with desipramine (20 mg/kg/d in vehicle). Mandibles and gingival tissues were collected 3 or 15 days after ligature insertion (or no ligature insertion for controls) and treatments. Alveolar bone resorption and gingival collagen fibers were histologically analyzed using either HE or picrosirius red staining. Gingival mRNA expressions of interleukin (IL)-1ß, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 were obtained through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. MMP-9 activity was analyzed by zymography. RESULTS: Alveolar bone loss was significantly reduced in the ligature + desipramine group (P < 0.05), whereas gingival collagen degradation was like the ligature group (P > 0.05). Desipramine administration downregulated mRNA expressions of IL-1ß, iNOS, COX-2, and TIMP-1 when compared to vehicle alone in the ligature group (P < 0.05). MMP-9 expression and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio were similar among rats with ligature-induced periodontitis (P > 0.05); however, MMP-9 activity was lower in the group treated with desipramine (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Desipramine administration reduced alveolar bone loss as histologically observed, and modulated key bone remodeling and inflammatory mediators in rats with ligature-induced periodontitis.

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OBJECTIVE: To test the efficacy of Morus nigra L. (MN) leaf powder for treating climacteric symptoms by comparison with hormone therapy (HT) and placebo. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial among 62 climacteric women attending Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão, Brazil. Women were divided into MN, HT, and placebo groups, and received 250 mg of MN leaf powder, 1 mg of estradiol, or placebo for 60 days. Primary outcomes were the Blatt-Kupperman index (BKI) for climacteric symptoms and SF-36 health questionnaire scores. RESULTS: Baseline sociodemographic variables, BKI scores, symptoms, and SF-36 domains did not differ among the groups. There was a reduction in mean BKI in the MN (17.5 vs 9.7, P<0.001), HT (15.4 vs 8.6, P=0.001), and placebo (16.1 vs 12.4, P=0.040) groups. Analysis of quality of life (QoL) showed that functional capacity (P=0.006), vitality (P=0.031), mental health (P=0.017), and social aspect (P<0.01) improved after treatment in the MN group. The HT group showed improvement in emotional limitation (P=0.040), and the placebo group showed better functional capacity (P=0.030) after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Climacteric symptoms and QoL improved after administration of 250 mg of MN leaf powder for 60 days, similar to the effects of HT. The trial is registered in the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (REBEC) under registration number RBR-9t4xxk.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the plasma cytokine levels during T cell-mediated inflammatory responses and compare the metabolic markers between overweight and obese perimenopausal women without systemic diseases. METHODS: Sixty perimenopausal women were divided into two groups (overweight and obese). Participants in both groups had their waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) measured and blood samples collected for the evaluation of estradiol, fasting glucose, leptin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-17A levels, and lipid profile. RESULTS: In univariate analysis, women with obesity showed increased WHtR, fasting glucose, leptin, and IL-6 (p < 0.05) levels; however, significant differences were not observed in IL-10 or IL-17A (p > 0.05) levels. In the receiver operating characteristic curve, the highest areas under the curve were shown for leptin (0.856) and IL-6 (0.706). IL-6 levels correlated with both hs-CRP (r = 0.302, p = 0.020) and leptin (r = 0.294, p = 0.022). However, in multivariate analysis, IL-6 was not associated with a greater likelihood of obesity (OR = 1.61; 95% CI: 0.82-3.15; p = 0.16), when potential confounders were considered. CONCLUSION: IL-6 levels varied between overweight and obese perimenopausal women, and this association was weaker when adjusted for other clinical variables.

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AIM: To investigate circulating hormonal, metabolic and inflammatory biomarker profiles in obese and non-obese middle-aged women. METHODS: A total of 110 women, aged 40-60 years, were included in this cross-sectional study. Patients were allocated, according to the occurrence of menopause and body mass index (BMI), into four groups: PM0 (premenopausal non-obese), PM1 (premenopausal obese), M0 (postmenopausal non-obese), and M1 (postmenopausal obese). Serum levels of gonadotropins, sex hormones, lipid markers, leptin, hs-CRP and interleukin-6 were obtained using either colorimetric or immunoenzymatic assays. Univariate and correlation analyses were performed among all clinical and laboratorial parameters. Principal component analysis was used to characterize subsets of biomarkers, which had their discriminatory capacity tested using discriminant function analysis. RESULTS: Levels of gonadotropins and female sex hormones were similar between PM0 and PM1 and between M0 and M1 (p > 0.05), all of them varied between PM0 and M0 (p < 0.05), but only estradiol was significantly altered in the comparison between PM1 and M1 (p = 0.027). Regarding metabolic markers, leptin was lower in PM0 than in M0 (p = 0.010) and higher in M1 than in M0 (p = 0.046). In premenopausal women, BMI correlated only to leptin, while it correlated to several other markers in postmenopausal women. A combination of FSH and leptin serum levels significantly discriminated the four groups (Wilks's lambda < 0.001, in canonical functions 1 and 2). CONCLUSION: A combined analysis of hormonal biomarkers may potentially distinguish obese from non-obese women with distinct menopause status. Further research is thus required to clarify the clinical significance of such findings.

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BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases are leading causes of death worldwide. Recent studies suggest that infection by some viruses, including the human papillomavirus (HPV), may increase the risk of developing atheromatous lesions on coronary arteries. However, there is a lack of data regarding the possible association between HPV infection and coronary artery disease (CAD) in women. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether HPV infection is associated with the occurrence of CAD among climacteric women. METHODS: The presence of CAD and cervical HPV DNA was investigated in 52 climacteric women. Social and demographic variables and metabolic profiles were also investigated. RESULTS: Among 27 women with CAD, 16 were positive for HPV, whereas 11 were negative. The presence of cervical HPV was strongly associated with CAD, after adjusting for demographic variables, health and sexual behaviors, comorbidities, and known cardiovascular risk factors. HPV-positive women showed a greater likelihood of having CAD (odds ratio [OR] = 3.74; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16 to 11.96) as compared with HPV-negative women, particularly those infected with high-risk HPV types (OR = 4.90; 95% CI: 1.26 to 19.08). CONCLUSION: These results support the hypothesis that HPV infection might be associated with CAD among climacteric women, though further studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms involved.

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BACKGROUND: Reperfusion syndrome after carotid endarterectomy is a complication associated with cerebrovascular self-regulation in a chronically hypoperfused cerebral hemisphere, leading to severe neurological damage. Vitamin C is an important antioxidant in brain metabolism that has shown some neuroprotective actions. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential effects of vitamin C on cerebral reperfusion in comparison with placebo (saline) in rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: (i) Sham (n = 4), animals exposed to carotid arteries dissection without clamping; (ii) Control (n = 4), animals exposed to carotid arteries dissection without clamping; (ii) Control (n = 4), animals exposed to carotid arteries dissection without clamping; (ii) Control (. RESULTS: Rats treated with vitamin C presented with a similar behavior as compared to the Sham group in all the three tests (p > 0.05), but it was significantly different from controls (p > 0.05), but it was significantly different from controls (p > 0.05), but it was significantly different from controls (. CONCLUSION: In the present study, vitamin C was associated with behavioral and motor preservation as well as decreased cerebral MDA levels after induced cerebral ischemia in rats.

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Abstract Background: Ractopamine (RAC) supplementation in the feed has been evaluated as a strategy to increase productive efficiency in finishing pigs. Objective: To evaluate the effects of different RAC dietary levels on performance, carcass traits, efficiency of lysine (ELU) and energy (EEU) utilization, and economic viability in finishing pig. Methods: A total of 40 barrows (74.75 ± 5.22 kg) were fed four RAC levels (0, 5, 10 and 5-10 mg/kg step-up program) from 0-14, 15-31 and 0-31 days. Performance, carcass characteristics, ELU, EEU, cost per unit of weight gain (CWG), payment and profit parameters were measured. The animals were distributed in a completely randomized design in four treatments, with ten replicates per treatment. The experimental unit was each animal. Results: Pigs fed RAC diets showed increased body weights at 14 and 31 days, average daily gain (ADG) at 0-14 and 0-31 days, ELU at 0-14 days, and hot carcass weight as compared with those fed the control diet. The step-up program as compared to the 10 mg/kg RAC concentration resulted in increased body weight, feed/gain ratio (FGR), ADG, ELU, EEU and CWG at 0-14 days. Payment by weight and bonus payment were better for treatments with RAC as compared to control. Conclusions: Pigs fed RAC improved performance, carcass weight, ELU, EEU and economic viability. The results were better for the step-up program compared with the intermittent use of 10 mg/kg RAC.

Resumen Antecedentes: La suplementación de cerdos con ractopamina (RAC) es una estrategia para aumentar la eficiencia productiva en ceba. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de diferentes planes de suplementación con RAC en dietas de cerdos en ceba sobre el rendimiento productivo, características de la canal, eficiencia de utilización de lisina (ELU) y energía (EEU), y viabilidad económica. Métodos: Un total de 40 machos castrados (74,75 ± 5,22 kg) fueron alimentados con cuatro niveles de RAC (0, 5, 10 y 5-10 mg/kg de plano escalonado) de 0-14, 15-31 y 0-31 días. Se evaluó el rendimiento, características de la canal, ELU, EEU, el costo por unidad de ganancia de peso (CWG), los tipos de pago y ganancias. Los animales se distribuyeron en un diseño completamente aleatorizado en cuatro tratamientos, con diez repeticiones por tratamiento. La unidad experimental fue cada animal. Resultados: Los animales suplementados con RAC tuvieron mayor peso corporal a los 14 y 31 días, ganancia de peso diaria (ADG) de 0-14 y 0-31 días, ELU de 0-14 días y peso de la canal caliente en comparación con el grupo control. En comparación con la concentración de 10 mg/kg de RAC, el plano escalonado resultó en un aumento de peso corporal, conversión alimenticia (FGR), ADG, ELU, EEU y CWG a los 0-14 días. El pago por peso y el pago por bonificación fueron mejores para los tratamientos con RAC en comparación con el control. Conclusiones: Los cerdos en ceba alimentados con RAC tienen mejor rendimiento, peso de la canal, ELU, EEU y viabilidad económica. Los resultados de los parámetros estudiados son mejores con el uso del plano escalonado en comparación con el uso continuo de 10 mg/kg de RAC.

Resumo Antecedentes: Suplementação de ractopamina (RAC) em dietas para suínos foi avaliada como uma estratégia para aumentar eficiência de produção de suínos em terminação. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos de diferentes planos de suplementação de RAC em dietas para suínos em terminação sobre o desempenho, características de carcaça, eficiência de utilização de lisina (ELU) e energia (EEU), e viabilidade econômica. Métodos: Um total de 40 machos castrados (74.75 ± 5.22 kg) foram alimentados com quatro níveis de RAC (0, 5, 10 e 5-10 mg/kg plano escalonado) em 0-14, 15-31 e 0-31 dias. Desempenho, características de carcaça, ELU, EEU, custo por unidade de ganho de peso (CWG), tipos de pagamento e lucro foram mensurados. Os animais foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em quatro tratamentos, dez repetições para cada tratamento. A unidade experimental foi cada animal. Resultados: Os animais alimentados com dietas contendo RAC mostraram aumento de peso corporal aos 14 e 31 dias, ganho de peso diário (ADG) de 0-14 e 0-31 dias, ELU de 0-14 dias e peso de carcaça quente comparado ao grupo controle. O plano escalonado comparado ao nível de 10 mg/kg de RAC mostrou maior peso corporal, conversão alimentar (FGR), ADG, ELU, EEU e CWG de 0-14 dias. Pagamento por peso e pagamento por bonificação foram melhor para tratamentos com RAC em comparação ao controle. Conclusões: Suínos alimentados com RAC mostram melhor desempenho, peso de carcaça, ELU, EEU e viabilidade econômica. Os resultados dos parâmetros estudados foram melhores com uso do plano escalonado quando comparado com uso constante de 10 mg/kg de RAC para suínos em terminação.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the supplementation of dairy cows with different protein sources in relation to intake, digestibility, production and chemical composition of milk. For this, eight crossbred cows (Hostein x Gir) were used, distributed in two simultaneous latin squares (4x4). The treatments used were: bean coproduct, soybean meal, sunflower meal and cottonseed meal. Four variance-covariance structures were tested by means of the Akaike criterion corrected to determine the best fit to the data, and afterwards they were submitted to analysis of variance, and the means of the treatments were compared by the Tukey's test, at 5% probability. Only intakes of crude protein and crude fat were influenced by the treatments, for the digestibility, regardless of the evaluated nutrient, the soybean meal was the best treatment or was among the best, a behavior also observed for milk production. Thus, it was concluded that soybean meal is the best source of protein among the supplements used, and the bean coproduct stands out as a low-cost protein source but should not fully replace soybean meal, especially in animal categories of higher nutritional requirement.

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a suplementação de vacas leiteiras com diferentes fontes proteicas em relação ao consumo, digestibilidade, produção e composição química do leite. Para tanto, utilizou-se oito vacas mestiças (Holandês x Gir), distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos (4x4) simultâneos. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: coproduto do feijão, farelo de soja, farelo de girassol e farelo de algodão. Foram testadas quatro estruturas de variância-covariância por meio do critério de Akaike corrigido para determinar o melhor ajuste aos dados, e posteriormente foram submetidas à análise de variância, sendo as médias dos tratamentos comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade. Apenas os consumos de proteína bruta e gordura bruta foram influenciados pelos tratamentos, já em relação a digestibilidade, independente do nutriente avaliado o farelo de soja foi o melhor tratamento ou esteve entre os melhores, comportamento este observado também para a produção de leite. Com isso, concluiu-se que dentre os suplementos utilizados o farelo de soja é a melhor fonte proteica, e o coproduto de feijão se destaca como uma fonte proteica de baixo custo, mas que deve substituir integralmente o farelo de soja, principalmente em categorias animais com alta exigência nutricional.

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PURPOSE: To investigate salivary parameters of caries susceptibility in men and women in order to identify potential variations due to sexual dimorphism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 46 female and 24 male patients, aged 18-40 years, participated in this study. Unstimulated saliva was collected for the evaluation of flow rate, pH, secretory IgA, Snyder test scores, and Streptococcus mutans counts (confirmed by PCR assay). Statistical analysis included the Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Bonferroni tests, one-way ANOVA, and the Spearman correlation at a 5% significance level, followed by a general linear model and multiple linear regressions. RESULTS: Female participants presented lower salivary pH values compared to males (p < 0.05), and different patterns of correlation among salivary parameters were found in men (p < 0.05) and women (p < 0.001). When comparing the variables according to Snyder test scores in men and women, there was a significant difference for S. mutans levels in the male group, and for pH and IgA in the female group (p < 0.05). Gender was found to be a predictor of salivary flow (R2 = 0.05; p < 0.05) and pH (R2 = 0.16; p < 0.001). In the female group, multiple regression showed several predictors for salivary flow rate, pH, IgA and Snyder test scores (p < 0.05), whereas no predictor was found in the male group (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Different salivary patterns were observed in men and women, thus the implications of such findings for caries susceptibility require further investigation.

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Aim: To histologically evaluate dental follicles of impacted third molars with no radiographic evidence of pathology. Methods: We carried out both a quantitative and qualitative analysis of pericoronal follicles removed from impacted third molars and investigated the association with clinical data. The sample included 36 extracted dental follicles of impacted third molars, obtained from 28 patients, which presented with no radiographic evidence of pathologies. Results: None of the follicles analyzed showed any pathological entity. The epithelial lining was observed in 61.1% of samples, being identified as reduced enamel epithelium. We found a significant relation between the the presence of inflammatory infiltrate and the group aged over 21 years (64.3%; p<0.05). Conclusions: Considering the absence of pathological lesions, we suggest that impacted third molars should only be extracted in young-aged individuals due to specific pathologies or indications

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