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AIM: To investigate whether a grading system of renal AMLs based on digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and computerized tomography (CT), could help to select patients for embolization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty patients with 35 renal angiomyolipomas (size range 4-20 cm, mean 9.9 cm) underwent both digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and computed tomography (CT). Based on the DSA appearance the tumours were graded into three grades: grade I, minimal vascularity; grade II, moderate vascularity; grade III, marked vascularity. RESULTS: There were seven grade I (mean 9.3 cm, range 4.5-20 cm), 18 grade II (mean 8.9 cm, range 5-18 cm) and 10 grade III tumours (mean 12.1 cm, range 4-20 cm). Five grade I tumours did not cause symptoms (71%) and two caused flank pain and haematuria, respectively (14.3% each). Nine of the grade II tumours were asymptomatic (50%), seven caused bleeding (39%) and two caused flank pain (11%). Four grade III tumours were asymptomatic (40%), five caused bleeding (50%) and one pain (10%). CONCLUSIONS: According to our criteria, large angiomyolipomas with minimal vascularity are less likely to bleed, and do not need prophylactic treatment. This needs to be confirmed in larger studies.

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BACKGROUND: Venous malformations are congenital lesions that can cause pain, decreased range of movement, compression on adjacent structures, bleeding, consumptive coagulopathy and cosmetic deformity. Sclerotherapy alone or combined with surgical excision is the accepted treatment in symptomatic malformations after failed treatment attempts with tailored compression garments. OBJECTIVES: To report our experience with percutaneous sclerotherapy of peripheral venous malformations with ethanol 96%. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 41 sclerotherapy sessions were performed on 21 patients, aged 4-46 years, 15 females and 6 males. Fourteen patients were treated for painful extremity lesions, while five others with face and neck lesions and two with giant chest malformations had treatment for esthetic reasons. All patients had a pre-procedure magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study. In all patients, 96% ethanol was used as the sclerosant by direct injection using general anesthesia. A minimum of 1-year clinical follow-up was performed. Follow-up imaging studies were performed if clinically indicated. RESULTS: 17 patients showed complete or partial symptomatic improvement after one to nine therapeutic sessions. Four patients with lower extremity lesions continue to suffer from pain and they are considered as a treatment failure. Complications were encountered in five patients, including acute pulmonary hypertension with cardiovascular collapse, pulmonary embolus, skin ulcers (two) and skin blisters. All patients fully recovered. CONCLUSION: Sclerotherapy with 96% ethanol for venous malformations was found to be effective for symptomatic improvement, but serious complications can occur.

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BACKGROUND: Wandering spleen is a spleen lacking its normal ligamentous attachments, and thus subjected to free movement in the abdominal cavity, and even torsion around its pedicle. Surgical treatment includes either fixation (splenopexy) or resection (splenectomy). Both procedures can now be accomplished using the laparoscopic approach. METHODS AND RESULTS: We describe a case of a torsion of a wandering spleen, leading to recurrent episodes of abdominal pain, and eventually to splenic ischemia, necessitating splenectomy. The diagnosis was complicated by associated angiographic findings of celiac axis occlusion, possibly by median arcuate ligament compression. Laparoscopic splenectomy was successful, and led to complete resolution of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Although a rare condition, wandering spleen can be diagnosed accurately by imaging studies, mainly CT scan and angiography. Nowadays, the laparoscopic approach is preferred and enables the surgeon to perform either splenopexy or splenectomy, depending on the vascular status of the spleen.

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PURPOSE: To report intermediate results of a pilot study in which the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist abciximab was given to patients during percutaneous carotid stenting for recurrent internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis. The objective was to prevent procedure-related cerebral embolic events and decrease the incidence of recurrent stenosis. METHODS: Sixteen patients (9 women; mean age 66.5 years, range 39-78) with severe ICA recurrent stenosis (>80%) underwent balloon angioplasty and stenting. Before the procedure, abciximab was administered intravenously as a bolus (0.25 mg/kg) followed by a 12-hour continuous infusion (10 microg/min). RESULTS: Fifteen patients received stents (14 Wallstent and 1 Strecker); 1 vessel was dilated with only 50% improvement in luminal diameter. Two stented arteries had residual stenosis (<30%) but satisfactory luminal diameter was achieved in the remaining 13 (81%) arteries. There were no neurological ischemic events during or following the procedure, nor were there any bleeding or peripheral vascular complications. Duplex surveillance studies up to 12 months revealed no significant recurrent stenosis in the treated vessels. CONCLUSIONS: The administration of abciximab in conjunction with percutaneous revascularization procedures for postsurgical carotid artery stenosis may reduce cerebral ischemic episodes. It may also attenuate restenosis in the treated artery.

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BACKGROUND: Infants and small children admitted to the pediatric emergency department (PED) with acute wheezing episodes (AWE) are currently treated with nebulized wet aerosol (NWA). OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of MDI with Nebuchamber (Astra AB; Lund, Sweden), a nonelectrostatic spacer device (NESD), as compared to NWA in the treatment of an unselected population of babies and small children with AWE. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Forty-two children referred to the PED (median age +/- SD, 16 +/- 15 months) with AWE received either placebo MDI through a NESD (four puffs) and salbutamol 0.5 mL (2.5 mg) as a NWA (group I, n = 19), or salbutamol MDI and 0.5 mL of saline solution administered in the same manner as above (group II, n = 23). This treatment was repeated three times every 20 min. RESULTS: The respiratory rates (RRs) at baseline were as follows: group I, 45 +/- 11.2 breaths/min; and group II, 52.3 +/- 11.3 breaths/min (p = not significant [NS]). After the first, second, and third interventions, the percent fall from baseline of the RR were as follows: group I, 8.9, 13.1, and 17.9%, respectively; group II, 8. 6, 14.6, and 18.6%, respectively. There was no significant difference at any time in the results between the two groups. The clinical scores (CSs) at baseline were as follows: group I, 6.6 +/- 1.3; group II, 6.8 +/- 1.49 (p = NS). After the first, second, and third interventions, the percent fall from baseline of the CS were as follows: group I, 9.1, 17.9, and 23.2%, respectively; group II, 8. 6, 18.9, and 24.7%, respectively. These results, also, did not differ significantly at any time between the two groups. Hospitalization rate and side effects did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that even in the group of unselected very young children (mean age < 2 years) with AWE, the use of MDI with NESD is at least as effective as the use of NWA. As opposed to data from an adult population, no plateau was reached in the dose-response curve using the above doses over time.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pelvic tumors are often large and difficult to excise with appropriate surgical margins due to their size, proximity to neurovascular structures, and major intraoperative bleeding. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the yield of preoperative angiography and embolization so as to facilitate achievement of good surgical results. METHODS: Eighteen patients who suffered from large pelvic tumors (average size, 10.7 cm x 8.3 cm x 3.7 cm), 15 primary and 3 metastatic, underwent surgery at our institution between 1990 and 1995, after preoperative angiography and embolization of the tumors. RESULTS: The efficacy of the procedure was high. In all but one patient, the grade of vascularity of the tumor was reduced by at least two levels (based on our new tumor vascularity scale. In most patients, appropriate surgical margins were achieved. The average perioperative blood loss was only 750 cc. Procedure-associated complications were negligible. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study call for the use of angiography and embolization in the management of patients with large pelvic tumors.

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OBJECTIVE: To present the computed tomography (CT) findings of pyelocalyceal diverticula containing milk of calcium in seven patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three patients were examined because of flank pain, one because a malignant lesion was suspected and the three others were examined for unrelated symptoms. Three repeated scans to the kidney area were performed in every patient: an unenhanced scan, post-contrast scan and a delayed scan. RESULTS: Unenhanced scans demonstrated an intraparenchymal round lesion with calcific material localized either at the inferior border or filling almost the entire cavity. On post-contrast scans a contrast-fluid level appeared, with some enhancement of the clear fluid in the upper part of the cyst. A further rise in the contrast-fluid level or total opacification with a density identical to that of the collecting system was obtained on delayed scans. CONCLUSION: Pyelocalyceal diverticula containing milk of calcium present on CT as a partially calcified renal mass. Slight opacification soon after injection may be mistaken for enhancement arousing suspicion of a tumour. However, a delayed scan will demonstrate a densely opacified cyst filled with contrast from the collecting system which is virtually pathognomonic of the lesion.

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In the past 20 years Hickman catheters have gained increasing acceptance for many uses, including bone marrow transplantation, long-term chemotherapy, total parenteral nutrition, dialysis, and administration of antibiotics and fluids. Until the past decade these catheters were inserted in the operating room. We present our experience in the percutaneous placement of 203 Hickman catheters in an interventional radiology suite in 190 consecutive patients within a period of 30 months. Catheter placement was successful in 202 (99.5%). The main complications were infections, necessitating removal of the catheter in 11 cases (5.4%) and unintentional dislodgement of the catheter in 8 (3.9%)-all in women and most on the right side. Pneumothorax and thrombosis in the catheter each occurred once. In another patient the guide wire broke during insertion and had to be percutaneously removed from the pulmonary artery. Late fracture of the catheter occurred in 2 others in whom the intravascular fragment was removed percutaneously. We believe that percutaneous Hickman catheter placement in the radiology suite offers advantages over traditional surgical placement.

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Percutaneous endovascular techniques are well established procedures in the management of peripheral vascular disease and visceral arterial stenosis. They are now being adapted for use in the carotid artery as well. 8 patients with 9 extracranial carotid artery stenoses were successfully treated by percutaneous angioplasty, following which in 4 of them 5 stents were inserted. The stenotic lesions were situated in the proximal internal carotid artery and in its bifurcation and also in the common carotid artery. The indications for angioplasty in these patients were the same as for surgery. There were no major complications. 1 patient had transient hemiparesis lasting a few hours, and another had bradycardia following balloon dilation in the region of the carotid body. Percutaneous endovascular treatment of carotid artery stenosis is becoming a safe, feasible alternative to surgery.

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The effect of venous obstruction on effort tolerance is not well appreciated. We studied a patient with severe lower body venous obstruction (with near normal heart and lung function) who had marked exercise intolerance. Peak O2 uptake for leg exercise was reduced, but peak O2 uptake for upper extremities was normal. This difference indicates that severe venous obstruction can lead to exercise limitation.

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Between 1 January 1990 and 1 September 1994 a total of 109 carotid endarterectomies were performed without preoperative angiography. Only two cases were considered by the surgeon to have a poor correlation between the duplex examination results and intraoperative findings; the outcome was good in both. The perioperative mortality rate was 1.8 per cent, one patient dying from sudden haematoma causing asphyxia and the other from unrelated causes following a myocardial revascularization procedure. Two non-disabling strokes also occurred. These results suggest that carotid endarterectomy based on carotid duplex scanning alone without preoperative angiography is safe in selected patients.

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Duplex scanning has emerged as an accurate noninvasive method of evaluating patients with extracranial cerebrovascular disease; it has research, clinical and economic implications. The risks associated with cerebral angiography are numerous and well-known. During 1990-1995, 227 carotid endarterectomies (CEA) were performed without preoperative arteriography in 192 patients. 91% were performed under local anesthesia. Indications for surgery without angiography were: renal insufficiency (in 5), allergy to contrast material (11), and need for urgent surgery (25). In 81% CEA was performed due to the preference of both the neurologist and surgeon. In only 2 cases there was a discrepancy in duplex evaluation. 3 patients had postoperative strokes (total stroke rate 1.56%), only 1 of which was disabling (0.52%). 2 died during the immediate postoperative period (mortality 1.04%): 1 on the 2nd postoperative day due to asphyxia caused by a huge neck hematoma which appeared suddenly after discharge (related death, 0.52%); the other died several days after coronary surgery which followed CEA (unrelated death). Our study confirms that patients with well-defined symptoms, appropriate physical findings, and concurrent CT and duplex scans, can safely undergo CEA without preoperative angiography. It is extremely important however, that the duplex scan be a reliable study from a laboratory which has validated its results by sequential comparison of previous duplex and angiographic data. Angiography remains appropriate in patients with atypical symptoms; with conflicting findings between history, physical and duplex data; when there is proximal disease; or in an asymptomatic patient when the duplex scan suggests total occlusion.

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PURPOSE: The different etiologies of renal occlusion are reviewed. A special category, division of the left renal vein in abdominal aortic surgery, is also discussed in the review. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The various diagnostic modalities used in cases of renal vein occlusion include excretory urography, ultrasound, nuclear scan, angiography, venography, computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The main goals of therapy in this condition should be conserve renal parenchyma and to protect renal function. RESULTS: The principal mode of treatment is medical and includes correction fluid and eletrocyte imbalance, dialysis, antihypertensive drugs, anticoagulation and in certain cases thrombolysis. CONCLUSIONS: Renal vein occlusion in adults is usually a result of the vein thrombosis which is frequently associated with the nephrotic syndrome. The anatomy of renal vascularization is of primary importance in understanding its pathophysiological responses and the clinical and diagnostic presentation of patients with this condition. The reaction of the kidney to its vein occlusion is determined by the balance between the acuteness of the disease, extent of the development of collateral circulation, involvement of 1 or both kidneys and the origin of the underlying disease. Renal vein occlusion is generally a complication of some other condition but may also be a primary disease.

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Takayasu disease in our Israeli series consists of 56 patients, and has been detected only in Sephardic and oriental Jews as well as in Arabs and Bedouin. Suspicion of Takayasu disease should be raised whenever renal artery stenosis and involvement of the aorta and its branches occur in patients from oriental origin.

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OBJECTIVE: A new method to obtain true sagittal CT scans of the elbow joint is described. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patient is placed prone on the CT table with the arm around and under the table. RESULTS: True sagittal images of the elbow joints and all the articulating surfaces were easily obtained in a standard and reproducible manner. CONCLUSION: For CT scanning of the elbow, true sagittal scanning is superior to axial views and is readily obtained by the described method.

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To evaluate cystourethrography in the era of fetal screening, we evaluated retrospectively the clinical and imaging findings of all children up to the age of 1 year who underwent a cystourethrogram in a 5-year period (1987-1992). There were 292 children, 64 neonates (< 1 month, 51 boys, 13 girls) and 228 infants (1 month-1 year, 111 boys, 117 girls). Hydronephrosis detected prenatally and confirmed after birth by US was the indication for cystourethrography in 88 children (72 boys, 16 girls). This 4.5 to 1, male to female ratio is very unusual compared to children with urinary tract infection, the great majority of whom are girls. The findings based on imaging studies in these 88 children with hydronephrosis included 31 with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) (in 4 this was secondary), 23 with obstruction at the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ), 13 with multicystic dysplastic kidney, 2 with obstruction at the ureterovesical junction, 1 with ectopic ureterocele and 1 with posterior urethral valves, both the latter without reflux. Eleven children had normal postnatal studies and six children were lost to follow-up. Urinary tract infection (UTI) was the indication in 163 children (62 boys, 101 girls). Forty-one children were examined for other causes. Although most cases of hydronephrosis were detected on fetal screening, UTI was still the most common indication for cystourethrography and some significant abnormalities were found in these symptomatic children.

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