RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between several anthropometric measurements of obesity with the incidence of hypertension. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Participants were 592 individuals free of hypertension, selected at random from the community. In the baseline evaluation, they were submitted to completed measures of demographics, anthropometrics, blood pressure, and other risk factors for hypertension. Incident hypertension was defined by blood pressure equal or higher than 140/90 mm Hg or use of blood pressure-lowering drugs. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up time of 5.6 +/- 1.1 years, 127 developed hypertension. The hazard ratios for the development of hypertension, adjusted for age, baseline blood pressure, gender, and alcohol consumption, were 1.042 (p = 0.091) for BMI, 1.023 (p = 0.028) for waist circumference, 1.042 (p = 0.013) for waist-to-height ratio, 1.061 (p = 0.014) for waist-to-height(2) index, 1.079 (p = 0.022) for waist-to-height(3) index, and 1.033 (p = 0.006) for the waist-to-hip ratio. DISCUSSION: The correction of the circumference of waist for stature or hip circumference improves its performance in the prediction of the incidence of hypertension.
Asunto(s)
Antropometría/métodos , Hipertensión/epidemiología , Adulto , Anciano , Índice de Masa Corporal , Brasil/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Relación Cintura-Cadera/métodosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Obesity is a risk factor for the incidence of hypertension, but it is still unclear whether this risk can be better estimated by body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference (WC). METHODS: In the baseline evaluation of a population-based cohort, 1089 adults answered a pretested questionnaire and had their baseline blood pressure (BP) and anthropometric measurements assessed according to standardized recommendations. Excluding the individuals with hypertension at baseline, and those deceased or lost during the follow-up, 592 individuals (80.5% of those eligible) were visited again. Obesity was defined as BMI >/=30 kg/m(2) for both genders, and WC >/=102 cm for men and WC >/=88 cm for women. Incident cases of hypertension were characterized by BP >/=140/90 mm Hg or use of BP medication in the follow-up visit. RESULTS: After a mean follow-up of 5.6 +/- 1.1 years, 127 incident cases of hypertension were identified. The hazard ratios (Cox model), adjusted for age and baseline systolic BP (95% CI and P), for BMI higher than 30 kg/m(2) were 1.08 (0.52-2.24, P =.82) in men and 1.74 (0.93-3.26, P =.08) in women. The corresponding figures were 1.78 (0.76-4.09, P =.18) for men with WC >/=102, and 1.72 (1.09-2.73, P =.02) for women with WC >/=88 cm. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the risk for hypertension may be better identified by obesity defined by higher WC than higher BMI.
Asunto(s)
Constitución Corporal , Índice de Masa Corporal , Hipertensión/epidemiología , Obesidad/complicaciones , Adulto , Determinación de la Presión Sanguínea , Femenino , Humanos , Hipertensión/etiología , Incidencia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/diagnóstico , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
The association between epistaxis and hypertension is still disputed. In a cross-sectional study, we evaluated this association in a sample of 1174 individuals older than 18 years, representative of inhabitants of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Epistaxis was defined as any episode of non-traumatic nosebleeding after 18 years of age. Hypertension was defined as the mean of two blood pressure readings > or = 160/95 mmHg or the use of antihypertensive drugs. The prevalence of epistaxis and hypertension were 14.7% (95% confidence interval, CI 12.7-16.7) and 24.1% (95% CI 21.7-26.6), respectively. History of epistaxis in the adulthood (risk ratio = 1.24, 95% CI 0.83-1.85), and in the previous 6 months (risk ratio 0.79, 95% CI 0.40-1.56; p = 0.510) were not associated with hypertension after controlling for gender, age, race, history of allergic rhinitis or nasal abnormalities, alcohol abuse, smoking and years of study. History of epistaxis was positively associated with history of allergic rhinitis and inversely associated with years at school. In conclusion, we demonstrated that hypertension is not associated with history of epistaxis in the adulthood in free-living individuals.
Asunto(s)
Epistaxis/etiología , Hipertensión/complicaciones , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Epistaxis/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Hipertensión/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Oportunidad Relativa , Prevalencia , Medición de RiesgoRESUMEN
Com o objetivo de avaliar a prevalência de tabagismo em Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, e os fatores associados, executou-se estudo observacional, de delineamento transversal e base populacional. Através de amostragem aleatória proporcional, por estágios múltiplos e conglomerados, selecionaram-se 1.091 indivíduos, a partir de 18 anos, que responderam a um questionário, em entrevista domiciliar. Aferiu-se o hábito de fumar através de perguntas dirigidas ao tipo de fumo, frequência e tempo de exposiçäo. A prevalência foi de 34,9 por cento (IC 31,9 - 37,8, sendo de 41,5 porcento (IC 38,5 - 44,4) entre os homens e 29,5 porcento (IC 26,8 - 32,2) entre as mulheres. O início foi, em média, aos 16 (+-5,6) e 17,8 (+-6,7), com moda de 15 a 14 anos, respectivamente. Os homens fumavam 19,0 +- 14,0 cigarros por dia e as mulheres 14,5 +- 10,3. Analisaram-se as associaçöes através de regressäo logística, incluindo-se no modelo sexo, idade, educaçäo, renda, qualificaçäo profissional e consumo de álcool. O hábito de fumar foi mais frequente entre os homens, indivíduos de menor nível socioeconômico, dos 30 aos 39 anos, e entre os usuários de bebidas alcoólicas. Conclui-se que o tagismo é frenquente em Porto Alegre, constituindo-se problema de saúde pública similar ao referido pela literatura. O consumo de álcool deve estar associado ao fomo por serem ambos comportamentos de risco, com determinantes comuns