RESUMEN
Bovine gammaherpesvirus 4 (BoGHV4) is a member of the Gammaherspivirinae subfamily, Rhadinovirus genus. Its natural host is the bovine, and it is prevalent among the global cattle population. Although the complete genome of BoGHV4 has been successfully sequenced, the functions of most of its genes remain unknown. Currently, only six strains of BoGHV4, all belonging to Genotype 1, have been sequenced. This is the first report of the nearly complete genome of Argentinean BoGHV4 strains isolated from clinical cases of abortion, representing the first BoGHV4 Genotype 2 and 3 genomes described in the literature. Both Argentinean isolates presented the highest nt p-distance values, indicating a greater level of divergence. Overall, the considerable diversity observed in the complete genomes and open reading frames underscores the distinctiveness of both Argentinean isolates compared to the existing BoGHV4 genomes. These findings support previous studies that categorized the Argentinean BoGHV4 strains 07-435 and 10-154 as Genotypes 3 and 2, respectively. The inclusion of these sequences represents a significant expansion to the currently limited pool of BoGHV4 genomes while providing an important basis to increase the knowledge of local isolates.
Asunto(s)
Aborto Veterinario , Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Genoma Viral , Infecciones por Herpesviridae , Herpesvirus Bovino 4 , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma , Animales , Bovinos , Femenino , Embarazo , Aborto Veterinario/virología , Argentina , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/virología , ADN Viral/genética , Variación Genética , Genotipo , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/veterinaria , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/virología , Herpesvirus Bovino 4/genética , Herpesvirus Bovino 4/aislamiento & purificación , Sistemas de Lectura Abierta , FilogeniaRESUMEN
This study aims to assess the inclusion of second victims and other patient safety issues in the curricula of undergraduate medical and nursing degrees in the countries participating in the European Researchers' Network Working on Second Victims (The ERSNT Consortium, COST Action 19,113). A review of medical and nursing school curricula in 206 universities was carried out, using their websites to search for subjects addressing "patient safety", "quality of care", "risk management", "safe practices", "interprofessional communication", "adverse events", and "second victims". There was substantial variability in the extent of training for patient safety. Forty-four out of 88 nursing schools and 74 of 118 medical schools did not include any of the patient safety topics studied. The most frequent in both nursing and medicine was "interprofessional communication", followed by "quality of care" and basic aspects on "patient safety". The second victim phenomenon was present in only one curriculum of the total sample. Our study showed that patient safety, especially the second victim phenomenon, is still neglected in medical and nursing curricula in European universities, although positive initiatives were also found. Given the frequency with which adverse events occur in health centres and the need to prepare students to deal with them adequately, additional efforts are needed to introduce patient safety elements into medical and nursing education.
RESUMEN
Bovine gammaherpesvirus type 4 (BoHV-4) shows tropism for the endometrium, in which it causes the death of epithelial and stroma cells. Despite having anti-apoptotic genes in its genome, experiments based on immortalized cell lines have shown that BoHV-4 induces cell death by apoptosis. In the present study, we evaluated BoHV-4 replication, pro-apoptotic (Bax) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) mitochondrial genes expression and chromatin condensation in bovine endometrium primary culture cells (BEC) and in the Madin Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell line. Results showed that BoHV-4 has a preference for replication in BEC cells over the MDBK cell line, demonstrated by the high viral titer that is consistent with the tropism of the virus. In BEC cells, chromatin condensation was consistent with the values of viral kinetics at the late stage of infection, accompanied with a balance in the mRNA levels of apoptotic mitochondrial proteins. As a consequence, in those cells viral transmission would be enhanced by inhibiting apoptosis in the early stage of virus proliferation, allowing the complete production of viral progeny, and then, the induction of apoptosis in late stages would allow neighboring cells infection. In MDBK cells replication kinetics was coincident with the up-regulation of Bcl-2, which suggests that the productive infection in MDBK is associated with a lytic phase of the virus or another cell death pathway (probably autophagy mechanism) at the late stage of infection. The results agree with the study of nuclear morphology, where a constant chromatin condensation was observed over time. It is clear that the documented BoHV-4 apoptotic responses observed in the cell lines studied above are not valid in cells from primary cultures. The data presented in this study suggest that BoHV-4 could induce apoptosis in BEC cells without a leading role of the mitochondria pathway. Further studies will be necessary to characterize in detail the programmed cell death pathways involved in BoHV-4 infection in the primary cell cultures evaluated.
Asunto(s)
Herpesvirus Bovino 4 , Animales , Apoptosis , Bovinos , Línea Celular , Cromatina , Femenino , Herpesvirus Bovino 4/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-bcl-2/genética , Replicación ViralRESUMEN
The extraordinary occurrence of COVID-19 by the fast expansion of viral infections has propelled particular interest in developing novel antiviral and virucidal agents to guarantee personal security. The main objective of this work is to propose novel formulations able to optimize the use of personal protection elements. In recent years, chitosan (CH) has attracted attention for being an interesting multifunctional, biodegradable, non-antigenic, non-toxic, and biocompatible natural polymer with antimicrobial properties. In this work, formulations based on a CH matrix containing silver, and Copper based nanoparticles have been developed. The novelty of this proposal is that almost liquid formulations have been reached, possessing verified properties to inhibit evolved virus such as herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) and bovine betacoronavirus (BCoV), the latter belonging to the same family of the well-known the well-known SARS-CoV-2. Besides antibacterial bioactivity; as well as the ability of these formulations to be easily sprayed on various surfaces, including conventional face masks, have been verified and discussed. The results presented in this contribution provide strong evidence on CH films as an ideal biosafe surface-protective for several daily used materials including the conventional face masks.
RESUMEN
Some viruses encode inhibitory factors of apoptosis during infection to prolong cell viability and then to achieve a higher production of viral progeny or facilitate persistent infections. There is evidence that some gammaherpesviruses, including BoHV-4, carry genes that can both inhibit or induce apoptosis. BoHV-4 possesses two genes (ORF16 and ORF71) that code for proteins with anti-apoptotic functions, such as v-Bcl2 and v-Flip, respectively. Thus, it is relevant to study BoHV-4 in relation to the modulation of apoptosis in infected cells as a strategy for persistence in the host. The objective of this work was to analyze whether variations in v-Flip and v- Bcl2 of six phylogenetically divergent Argentinean isolates of BoHV-4 can influence the capacity of these strains to induce apoptosis in cell cultures. In this study, variations were mainly detected in the v-Flip gene and protein of the BoHV-4 strains belonging to genotype 3. Thus, it is possible to infer that sequence variations could be associated with some BoHV-4 genotype. Induction of apoptosis was not a significant event for any of the genetically distinct local isolates of BoHV-4 and there was not an evident relationship between the variability of both genes with the apoptotic effect of the phylogenetically distinct strains.
Asunto(s)
Apoptosis/genética , Herpesvirus Bovino 4/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-bcl-2/genética , Proteínas Virales/genética , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Argentina , Secuencia de Bases , Proteína Reguladora de Apoptosis Similar a CASP8 y FADD/genética , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/virología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Genotipo , Células HeLa , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/veterinaria , Herpesvirus Bovino 4/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Alineación de SecuenciaRESUMEN
Bovine herpevsirus 4 (BoHV-4) is a gammaherpesvirus that has been associated with different clinical conditions in cattle. In Argentina, BoHV-4 was detected in diverse bovine samples. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic relationship of 48 field BoHV-4 strains isolated from cattle in Argentina. According to thymidine kinase (tk) gene sequences, BoHV-4 isolates belong to genotypes 1, 2 and 3. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed the presence of the three previously described viral genotypes. However, some of the studied isolates presented conflicting phylogenetic signals between the studied markers. This suggests a complex evolutionary background, that is a history of recombination, incomplete lineage sorting (deep coalescence) or a combination of these, which requires further study. These potential events make difficult the diagnosis of BoHV-4 from clinical samples of cattle and may pose a significant problem for the control of the virus in the herds.
Asunto(s)
Herpesvirus Bovino 4/genética , Timidina Quinasa/genética , Animales , Argentina , Evolución Biológica , Bovinos/virología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/virología , ADN Viral/genética , Evolución Molecular , Genotipo , Herpesvirus Bovino 4/aislamiento & purificación , Herpesvirus Bovino 4/patogenicidad , FilogeniaRESUMEN
The major glycoproteins of bovine gammaherpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) are gB, gH, gM, gL, and gp180 with gB, gH, and gp180 being the most glycosylated. These glycoproteins participate in cell binding while some act as neutralization targets. Glycosylation of these envelope proteins may be involved in virion protection against neutralization by antibodies. In infected cattle, BoHV-4 induces an immune response characterized by low neutralizing antibody levels or an absence of such antibodies. Therefore, virus seroneutralization in vitro cannot always be easily demonstrated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the neutralizing capacity of 2 Argentine BoHV-4 strains and to associate those findings with the gene expression profiles of the major envelope glycoproteins. Expression of genes coding for the envelope glycoproteins occurred earlier in cells infected with isolate 10/154 than in cells infected with strain 07/435, demonstrating a distinct difference between the strains. Differences in serological response can be attributed to differences in the expression of antigenic proteins or to post-translational modifications that mask neutralizing epitopes. Strain 07/435 induced significantly high titers of neutralizing antibodies in several animal species in addition to bovines. The most relevant serological differences were observed in adult animals. This is the first comprehensive analysis of the expression kinetics of genes coding for BoHV-4 glycoproteins in 2 Argentine strains (genotypes 1 and 2). The results further elucidate the BoHV-4 life cycle and may also help determine the genetic variability of the strains circulating in Argentina.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos Virales/análisis , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/veterinaria , Herpesvirus Bovino 4/genética , Infecciones Tumorales por Virus/veterinaria , Proteínas Virales/análisis , Animales , Argentina , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Ciervos , Femenino , Enfermedades de las Cabras/inmunología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/virología , Cabras , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/inmunología , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/virología , Herpesvirus Bovino 4/inmunología , Masculino , Ovinos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/inmunología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/virología , Transcripción Genética , Infecciones Tumorales por Virus/inmunología , Infecciones Tumorales por Virus/virologíaRESUMEN
Bovine gammaherpesvirus 4 (BoHV4) is a member of the family Herpesviridae. In Argentina, BoHV4 was isolated and characterized in 2007 from samples of aborted cows. Argentinean isolates are highly divergent and are classified as: Genotype 1(Movar-like), Genotype 2 (DN599-like) and Genotype 3 (a novel group). The aim of this study was to comparatively evaluate the biological characteristics of six Argentinean BoHV4 field isolates in cell lines from different origins. All strains induced productive infection in the cell lines used, with different degrees of permissiveness. A direct relationship among the times of appearance of cytopathic effect, the growth kinetics, the size of the lysis plaques and the virulent-like behaviour in vitro could not be established. However, although slight, there are differences in the biological behaviour of the BoHV4 fields isolates analyzed. This variability is independent of their genetic classification but would be conditioned by the nature of the infected cells.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Herpesviridae/veterinaria , Herpesvirus Bovino 4/fisiología , Infecciones Tumorales por Virus/veterinaria , Replicación Viral/fisiología , Animales , Argentina , Bovinos , Línea Celular , Chlorocebus aethiops , Efecto Citopatogénico Viral , Perros , Células HeLa , Células Hep G2 , Herpesvirus Bovino 4/genética , Herpesvirus Bovino 4/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Células de Riñón Canino Madin Darby , Células VeroRESUMEN
Bovine herpesvirus (BoHV) types 1 and 5 are neuroinvasive. Cases of BoHV-1-induced encephalitis are not as frequent as those caused by BoHV-5. In this study, the capability of BoHV-5 to induce apoptosis in cell cultures and in the trigeminal ganglion during acute infection of experimentally-infected cattle was analyzed. Apoptotic changes in cell cultures agree with the ability of the viral strains to replicate in each cell line. Marked differences were observed between the in vitro induction of apoptosis by BoHV-1Cooper and BoHV-5 97/613 strains. Apoptotic neurons were clearly evident in the trigeminal ganglion of BoHV-1-infected calves. For BoHV-5 a fewer number of positive neurons was observed. There is an association between the magnitude of bovine herpesviruses replication and the induction of apoptosis in trigeminal ganglion. These findings suggest that the induction of apoptosis and the innate immune response orchestrate the final outcome of alpha herpesviruses infection of the bovine nervous system.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/virología , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/veterinaria , Herpesvirus Bovino 1/patogenicidad , Herpesvirus Bovino 5/patogenicidad , Neuronas/virología , Ganglio del Trigémino/virología , Animales , Apoptosis , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/patología , Línea Celular , Células Epiteliales/inmunología , Células Epiteliales/patología , Células Epiteliales/virología , Células HeLa , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/inmunología , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/patología , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/virología , Herpesvirus Bovino 1/inmunología , Herpesvirus Bovino 5/inmunología , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Humanos , Inmunidad Innata , Neuronas/inmunología , Neuronas/patología , Especificidad de la Especie , Ganglio del Trigémino/inmunología , Ganglio del Trigémino/patología , Replicación ViralRESUMEN
Bovine herpesvirus types 1 (BoHV-1) and 5 (BoHV-5) are closely related alpha-herpesviruses. BoHV-5 is the causal agent of non-suppurative meningoencephalitis in calves. BoHV-1 causes respiratory disease, abortions, genital disorders and, occasionally, encephalitis in cattle. Both viruses are neurotropic and they share similar biological properties. Nevertheless, they differ in their ability to cause neurological disease. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in the innate immune response to pathogens. In this study, the variations in the expression levels of TLRs were evaluated in different regions of the bovine central nervous system during the acute infection and reactivation of BoHV-1 and BoHV-5- infected cattle. With the exception of TLR9, significant up-regulation of all TLRs was detected following primary infection of neural tissues by both bovine alpha-herpesviruses. Furthermore, the stages of acute infection and reactivation were characterized by a distinguishable TLR expression pattern. Important differences in TLR expression upon infection of the central nervous system by BoHV-1 or BoHV-5 were not detected. The striking differences in TLR mRNA levels during acute infection and reactivation provide evidence that the innate immune response may be involved in the clinical outcomes observed at each stage. Further research is required to analyze the mechanisms that initiate TLR activation and the signaling cascade mediated by each TLR to elucidate the precise role these receptors play in bovine herpesvirus encephalitis.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/virología , Encefalitis Viral/veterinaria , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/veterinaria , Herpesvirus Bovino 1 , Herpesvirus Bovino 5 , Receptores Toll-Like/metabolismo , Animales , Encéfalo/patología , Encéfalo/virología , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/patología , Encefalitis Viral/patología , Encefalitis Viral/virología , Femenino , Regulación Viral de la Expresión Génica , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/patología , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/virología , Herpesvirus Bovino 1/aislamiento & purificación , Herpesvirus Bovino 5/aislamiento & purificación , Inmunidad Innata , Embarazo , Distribución Aleatoria , Transducción de Señal , Receptor Toll-Like 3/genética , Receptor Toll-Like 3/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 7/genética , Receptor Toll-Like 7/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 8/genética , Receptor Toll-Like 8/metabolismo , Receptores Toll-Like/genética , Regulación hacia ArribaRESUMEN
El herpesvirus bovino 4 [Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4)] ha sido aislado de bovinos con infecciones respiratorias, vulvovaginitis, mastitis, abortos, endometritis y de animales aparentemente sanos en diferentes partes del mundo. Si bien no se ha reconocido como agente causal de una entidad patológica en particular, se asocia principalmente con infecciones del tracto reproductivo de los bovinos. Este virus puede infectar un amplio rango de especies tanto in vivo como in vitro. Los primeros aislamientos dieron origen a dos grupos de cepas prototipo: el grupo americano tipo DN599 y el grupo europeo tipo Movar. En Argentina, el BoHV-4 fue aislado y caracterizado en el año 2007; este aislamiento se obtuvo de muestras de mucus cérvico-vaginal de vacas que abortaron. Hasta el momento se han registrado más de 40 aislamientos, provenientes principalmente de hembras bovinas que han abortado
Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) has been isolated from cattle with respiratory infections, vulvovaginitis, mastitis, abortions, endometritis and from apparently healthy animals throughout the world. Although it has not yet been established as causal agent of a specific disease entity, it is primarily associated with reproductive disorders of cattle. This virus can infect a wide range of species, either in vivo or in vitro. Two groups of prototype strains were originated from the first isolates: the DN599-type strains (American group) and the Movar-type strains (European group). In Argentina, BoHV-4 was isolated and characterized in 2007 from vaginal discharge samples taken from cows that had aborted. So far, more than 40 isolates, mainly associated with aborting bovine females have been registered in our country
Asunto(s)
Animales , Bovinos , Herpesvirus Bovino 4/crecimiento & desarrollo , Herpesvirus Bovino 4/patogenicidad , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Herpesvirus Bovino 4/clasificaciónRESUMEN
Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) has been isolated from cattle with respiratory infections, vulvovaginitis, mastitis, abortions, endometritis and from apparently healthy animals throughout the world. Although it has not yet been established as causal agent of a specific disease entity, it is primarily associated with reproductive disorders of cattle. This virus can infect a wide range of species, either in vivo or in vitro. Two groups of prototype strains were originated from the first isolates: the DN599-type strains (American group) and the Movar-type strains (European group). In Argentina, BoHV-4 was isolated and characterized in 2007 from vaginal discharge samples taken from cows that had aborted. So far, more than 40 isolates, mainly associated with aborting bovine females have been registered in our country.
Asunto(s)
Aborto Veterinario/virología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/virología , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/veterinaria , Herpesvirus Bovino 4/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones Tumorales por Virus/veterinaria , Aborto Veterinario/epidemiología , Animales , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Apoptosis , Argentina/epidemiología , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Causalidad , Efecto Citopatogénico Viral , Endometrio/virología , Femenino , Genoma Viral , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/epidemiología , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/virología , Herpesvirus Bovino 4/clasificación , Herpesvirus Bovino 4/patogenicidad , Herpesvirus Bovino 4/fisiología , Especificidad del Huésped , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Trastornos Puerperales/veterinaria , Trastornos Puerperales/virología , Infecciones Tumorales por Virus/diagnóstico , Infecciones Tumorales por Virus/epidemiología , Infecciones Tumorales por Virus/virología , Tropismo Viral , Virulencia , Activación ViralRESUMEN
La comorbilidad entre depresión y enfermedades físicas es muy frecuente y tiene un impacto importante en el deterioro de la salud así como en la atención y tratamiento recibidos. Impulsado por las Sociedades Españolas de Psiquiatría y Psiquiatría Biológica, y la Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria (SEMERGEN) se realizó un consenso sobre la salud física en el paciente con depresión, que de forma resumida se expone en el presente trabajo. La revisión de la literatura puso de manifiesto la elevada frecuencia en pacientes con depresión de trastornos cardiovasculares y trastornos endocrinometabólicos como la obesidad y la diabetes, de tal modo que en pacientes con depresión serían aplicables las recomendaciones de prevención primaria y secundaria establecidas para los individuos con riesgo cardiovascular o metabólico. También es frecuente la comorbilidad entre depresión y dolor crónico, que obliga a la detección activa de ambos trastornos y a una intervención terapéutica integral. La presencia de esta comorbilidad puede condicionar, aunque no impedir el tratamiento farmacológico en cuya elección se deberá tener en cuenta los efectos secundarios y las interacciones de los distintos antidepresivos. Por su parte, la psicoterapia puede contribuir a la recuperación integral del enfermo. Globalmente, en el proceso de atención al paciente con depresión y enfermedades físicas comórbidas es fundamental la coordinación del médico de atención primaria, el psiquiatra y otros especialistas o profesionales implicados (AU)
Comorbidity between depression and physical illnesses is very common and has a significant impact on the health and management of the patient. With the support of the Sociedades Españolas de Psiquiatría y Psiquiatría Biológica, and Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria (SEMERGEN) a consensus was prepared on physical health in patients with depression and is summarized in the present work. The literature review highlighted the high frequency of cardiovascular and endocrine-metabolic disorders in patients with depression such as diabetes and obesity, thus making the primary and secondary prevention recommendations for patients with cardiovascular or metabolic risk applicable to patients with depression. Comorbidity between depression and chronic pain is also frequent, and requires an integrated therapeutic approach. The presence of physical illness in patients with depression may condition, but not preclude, the pharmacological treatment; drug selection should take into account potential side-effect and drug-drug interactions. On the other hand, psychotherapy may contribute to the patient's recovery. Overall, coordination between the primary care physician, the psychiatrist and other health professionals involved is essential for the management of patients with depression and concomitant physical illness (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Depresión/diagnóstico , Depresión/metabolismo , Obesidad/diagnóstico , Depresión/clasificación , Depresión/mortalidad , Sociedades/legislación & jurisprudencia , Sociedades/organización & administración , España/etnologíaRESUMEN
Comorbidity between depression and physical illnesses is very common and has a significant impact on the health and management of the patient. With the support of the Sociedades Españolas de Psiquiatría y Psiquiatría Biológica, and Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria (SEMERGEN) a consensus was prepared on physical health in patients with depression and is summarized in the present work. The literature review highlighted the high frequency of cardiovascular and endocrine-metabolic disorders in patients with depression such as diabetes and obesity, thus making the primary and secondary prevention recommendations for patients with cardiovascular or metabolic risk applicable to patients with depression. Comorbidity between depression and chronic pain is also frequent, and requires an integrated therapeutic approach. The presence of physical illness in patients with depression may condition, but not preclude, the pharmacological treatment; drug selection should take into account potential side-effect and drug-drug interactions. On the other hand, psychotherapy may contribute to the patient's recovery. Overall, coordination between the primary care physician, the psychiatrist and other health professionals involved is essential for the management of patients with depression and concomitant physical illness.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/complicaciones , Dolor Crónico/complicaciones , Trastorno Depresivo/complicaciones , Enfermedades Metabólicas/complicaciones , Antidepresivos/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/psicología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/terapia , Dolor Crónico/diagnóstico , Dolor Crónico/psicología , Dolor Crónico/terapia , Terapia Combinada , Trastorno Depresivo/terapia , Humanos , Enfermedades Metabólicas/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Metabólicas/psicología , Enfermedades Metabólicas/terapia , PsicoterapiaRESUMEN
and from cattle with a variety of clinical signs. The pathogenic role of BoHV-4 remains unclear and it is unknown whether the virus acts as a primary pathogen or whether it facilitates secondary infections After natural or experimental infections, BoHV-4 can establish latency, mainly in cells of the monocyte/macrophage linage. Latent virus can be reactivated after glucocorticoid treatment or by stress factors. In 2007, BoHV-4 was isolated for the first time in Argentina, from samples of bovine abortions. In the present study, we used viral isolation, nested PCR and restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) to investigate the presence of BoHV-4 in bovine leukocytes from a single herd of dairy cattle with reproductive problems. In this work, we demonstrated that BoHV-4 genome is present in the leukocytes of a high proportion (63.4%) of animals, probably in a latent or persistent state. BoHV-4 was isolated from one out of eleven peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) samples. By REA we demonstrated the existence of genomic variation among the strains circulating in this particular herd. Furthermore, all PBL samples evaluated in this study differed from the American prototype strain, DN 599. Overall, this work demonstrated that BoHV-4 is present in the leukocyte fraction of dairy cattle and that viral strains present in this herd are genetically divergent. Although BoHV-4 was detected in a herd with a background of reproductive disorders, it is not possible to conclude that the virus is the primary responsible for these conditions.
O herpesvírus bovino tipo 4 (BoHV-4) é um gama-herpesvírus que foi isolado de animais aparentemente saudáveis e de gado com uma variedade de sinais clínicos. O papel patogênico do BoHV-4 ainda não está claro e não se sabe se o vírus age como um patógeno primário ou se facilita infecções secundárias. Depois de infecções naturais ou experimentais, BoHV-4 pode estabelecer latência, principalmente nas células dos linhagens de monócitos/macrófagos. O vírus latente pode ser reativado após o uso de glicocorticóides ou por fatores de estresse. Em 2007, o BoHV-4 foi isolado pela primeira vez na Argentina, a partir de amostras de abortos bovinos. No presente estudo, utilizou-se o isolamento viral, nested PCR e análise com endonucleases de restrição (REA) para investigar a presença de BoHV4 em leucócitos de bovinos provenientes de um único rebanho de gado leiteiro com problemas reprodutivos. Neste trabalho, demonstramos que o genoma do BoHV-4 está presente nos leucócitos em uma elevada proporção (63,4%) dos animais, provavelmente em um estado latente ou persistente. BoHV-4 foi isolado de uma de cada onze amostras de leucócitos no sangue periférico (PBL). Por REA nós demonstramos a existência de variações genômicas entre as estirpes circulantes deste rebanho particular. Além disso, todas as amostras de PBL avaliados neste estudo diferiram da estirpe protótipo Americano, DN 599. Em geral, este estudo demonstrou que o BoHV-4 está presente na fração leucocitária do gado leiteiro e que as estirpes virais presentes neste rebanho são geneticamente divergentes. Embora que BoHV-4 foi detectado em um rebanho com história de distúrbios reprodutivos, não é possível concluir que o vírus é o principal responsável por estas condições.