RESUMEN
There is a growing concern about glyphosate's behavior in the environment. Herbicide behavior in soils greatly depends on adsorption-desorption phenomena, which have shown great variability in soils, although the reversibility of this process has been less examined. The adsorption-desorption behavior of glyphosate was measured on representative soil profiles of the northeast region of Argentinean Pampas, a semi-arid crop cultivating region. Two soil profiles samples (P1 and P2, both Entic Haplustoll) were collected and segmented into depth increments of 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80, and 80-100 cm. Batch adsorption/48 h-desorption isotherms were performed in a controlled setup. Soil samples had a high sand content (77-92%), and a low content of clay (<3%), but markedly differing in the available P content, especially in the upper layers of soil profiles (0-40 cm, P1 range 133-170 ppm; P2 range 7-43 ppm). Adsorption-desorption isotherms showed a similar range of variation, between 150 and 1400 L kg -1for KFads and 450-1400 L kg -1for KFdes, without appreciable evidence of hysteresis (0.95 ± 0.05). Sorption capacity parameters showed a distinct behavior with depth, P1 exhibiting a U-shape with minimum values at intermediate depths (20-60 cm), while P2 decreases sharply between 0 and 40 cm. General linear models considering the specific surface area (SSA) of each sample and the spatial correlation structure for soil profiles showed a main positive association of KFads and KFdes with the soil organic matter, together with a positive association with iron content (KFads), and a negative association of KFdes with available P content. These results indicate high adsorption extents and sorption reversibility of glyphosate to sandy loam soils of the region, which implies the potential for the herbicide to be available for leaching or degradation under a scenario of intensive use.
Asunto(s)
Herbicidas , Contaminantes del Suelo , Suelo/química , Contaminantes del Suelo/análisis , Argentina , Herbicidas/química , Adsorción , GlifosatoRESUMEN
The sulfonylurea (SUs) herbicides are used to control broadleaf weeds and some grasses in a variety of crops. They have become popular because of their low application rates, low mammalian toxicity and an outstanding herbicidal activity. Sorption is a major process influencing the fate of pesticides in soil. The objective of this study was to characterize sorption-desorption of four sulfonylurea herbicides: metsulfuron-methyl (methyl 2-[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)carbamoylsulfamoyl)]benzoate), sulfometuron-methyl (methyl 2-[(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)carbamoylsulfamoyl]benzoate), rimsulfuron (1-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-3-(3-ethylsulfonyl-2-pyridylsulfonyl)urea) and nicosulfuron (2-[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)carbamoylsulfamoyl]-N,N-dimethylnicotinamide) from different soil horizons of different landscape positions. Sorption was studied in the laboratory by batch equilibration method. Sorption coefficients (K(d-SE)) showed that rimsulfuron (K(d-SE) = 1.18 to 2.08 L kg(-1)) and nicosulfuron (K(d-SE) = 0.02 to 0.47 L kg(-1)) were more highly sorbed than metsulfuron-methyl (K(d-SE) = 0.00 to 0.05 L kg(-1)) and sulfometuron-methyl (K(d-SE) = 0.00 to 0.05 L kg(-1)). Sorption coefficients (K(d-SE)) were correlated with pH and organic carbon content. All four herbicides exhibited desorption hysteresis where the desorption coefficients (K(d-D)) > K(d-SE). To estimate the leaching potential, K(oc) and ground-water ubiquity score (GUS) were used to calculate the half-life (t1/2) required to be classified as "leacher" or "nonleacher". According to the results, rimsulfuron and nicosulfuron herbicides would be classified as leachers, but factors such as landscape position, soil depth and the rate of decomposition in surface and subsurface soils could change the classification. In contrast, these factors do not affect classification of sulfometuron-methyl and metsulfuron-methyl; they would rank as leachers.