RESUMEN
Calcium phosphate materials, particularly hydroxyapatite (HA), are extensively used in biomedical applications because of their prominence as primary inorganic constituents of human hard tissues. This study investigates the synthesis of HA coatings via spray pyrolysis using various precursors, including HA derived from bovine bone. The effects of pH on the formation and properties of HA coatings were systematically examined. Samples exposed to acidic conditions or left without pH adjustment led to the formation of HA, contrasting with the outcomes observed through dissolution methods. Different characterization techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), were employed to evaluate the quality and crystallinity of the coatings. Among the samples, those exhibiting superior crystallinity and nanostructured features, including bovine HA, were selected for further surface functionalization with the antibiotic enrofloxacin using spin coating. As expected, the antibiotic loading on each material's surface depended on the amount of HA deposited on the substrate. However, the desorption results indicated that, in all cases, desorption persisted beyond 38 h, implying that HA-loaded matrices could be effective systems for controlled and prolonged drug release, which could be useful in dental or orthopedic implants for inhibiting the growth of bacterial biofilms.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos , Materiales Biocompatibles Revestidos , Durapatita , Durapatita/química , Materiales Biocompatibles Revestidos/química , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Bovinos , Animales , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Adsorción , PirólisisRESUMEN
Introducción: Las terapias inmunológicas, ya sea con vacunas (inmunización activa) o con anticuerpos (inmunización pasiva), se están investigando activamente para el manejo de las complicaciones del consumo de drogas de abuso. Objetivo: Revisar el estado actual del desarrollo en la investigación de inmunoterapias contra nicotina, cocaína, heroína, metanfetamina y fenciclidina (PCP), con énfasis en los aspectos clínicos de cada una de ellas. Método: Revisión de la literatura sobre el tema. Resultados: Hasta el momento, las inmunoterapias evaluadas en humanos parecen ser seguras desde el punto de vista médico y con eficacia esperanzadora. Por este mecanismo se previene la activación de los mecanismos de refuerzo cerebral asociados con los efectos adictivos de la droga y, eventualmente, la extinción de la adicción. Conclusión: En teoría, las vacunas también podrían ser útiles en la prevención del desarrollo de la adicción al igual que para prevenir las recaídas del uso de drogas. Los anticuerpos monoclonales parecen ser útiles en el tratamiento de las sobredosis de drogas, porque pueden prevenir los efectos neurotóxicos de las drogas al bloquear su acceso al cerebro. Actualmente, se están investigando vacunas contra la cocaína, heroína, metanfetamina y nicotina. Igualmente se están investigando anticuerpos monoclonales contra la cocaína, metanfetamina, nicotina y PCP...
Introduction: Immunological therapies, either with vaccines (active immunization) or with antibodies (passive immunization), are being actively investigated in the management of complications of drug abuse. Objetive: To review the current state of research development of immunotherapies against nicotine, cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine and phencyclidine (PCP) with an emphasis on the clinical aspects. Method: Review the literature about the topic. Results: So far, immunotherapies evaluated in humans appear to be safe from a medical standpoint and effective. This mechanism prevents the activation of brain reinforcement mechanisms associated with the addictive effects of drugs and, eventually, the extinction of the drug addiction. Conclusion: In theory, vaccines could also be useful in preventing the development of addiction as well as to prevent the relapse of drug use. Currently, vaccines are being investigated against cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine and nicotine. Likewise, monoclonal antibodies are being investigated against cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine and phencyclidine (PCP)...
Asunto(s)
Inmunoterapia , Vacunas , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias , TerapéuticaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Violence and homicide are more prevalent in Colombia, South America, than in the United States, but the role of psychosocial factors in the violent behavior of Colombian adolescents remains unclear. The objective of the study was to identify personality, familial, peer, and ecological variables associated with violence in Colombian adolescents. METHOD: A survey of adolescents was conducted in 1995-1996. A standard self-report measure was adapted to ensure linguistic and cultural relevance. A total of 2,837 adolescents ages 12-17 years from various self-reported ethnic groups were randomly selected from the community in three Colombian cities: Bogota, Medellin, and Barranquilla. Eighty percent of eligible adolescents agreed to participate. Data were collected concerning the adolescent's personality attributes, family characteristics, peer characteristics, and ecological/cultural factors, including the availability of illicit drugs and the prevalence of violence in the community. The dependent variable was the adolescent's self-reported frequency of violent behavior. RESULTS: Violence directed at the adolescent and the adolescent's own drug use were both more highly correlated with the adolescent's violent behavior than were other risk factors. Significant risk factors of less importance included tolerance of deviance, peer drug use, peer deviance, and exposure to violence on television. CONCLUSIONS: The results supported a model in which violent behavior was correlated independently with a number of risk factors from several domains. The findings point to the use of specific intervention procedures for adolescents to prevent their own subsequent acts of violent behavior.