RESUMEN

Ctenocephalides felis felis is a relevant and widely distributed ectoparasite that acts as a vector of disease-causing pathogens. Moreover, it is responsible for economic losses due the use of harmful chemicals to the environment and that favor the emergence of insecticide-resistant populations. Research on entomopathogenic nematodes may open up an alternative route to the insect chemical control. The present study aimed to evaluate the killing efficacy of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (HP88) against C. felis larvae in 400 µL, 600 µL and 1000 µL of suspension containing 120, 160 and 200 infective juveniles/larva and 600 µL of suspension containing the same concentrations of Heterorhabditis indica (LPP30), divided into two groups (absence and presence of diet) and a control group with three replications containing only distilled water. In the bioassay with H. bacteriophora, the groups in 600 µL of suspension showed higher mortality rates than those in the other tested volumes, which were above 80% at all concentrations. On the other hand, H. indica achieved mortality rates above 70% at all concentrations used. Results indicate that flea larvae are susceptible to in vitro infection by H. bacteriophora and H. indica.

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RESUMEN

Abstract Ctenocephalides felis felis is a relevant and widely distributed ectoparasite that acts as a vector of disease-causing pathogens. Moreover, it is responsible for economic losses due the use of harmful chemicals to the environment and that favor the emergence of insecticide-resistant populations. Research on entomopathogenic nematodes may open up an alternative route to the insect chemical control. The present study aimed to evaluate the killing efficacy of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (HP88) against C. felis larvae in 400 μL, 600 μL and 1000 μL of suspension containing 120, 160 and 200 infective juveniles/larva and 600 μL of suspension containing the same concentrations of Heterorhabditis indica (LPP30), divided into two groups (absence and presence of diet) and a control group with three replications containing only distilled water. In the bioassay with H. bacteriophora, the groups in 600 μL of suspension showed higher mortality rates than those in the other tested volumes, which were above 80% at all concentrations. On the other hand, H. indica achieved mortality rates above 70% at all concentrations used. Results indicate that flea larvae are susceptible to in vitro infection by H. bacteriophora and H. indica.

Resumo Ctenocephalides felis felis é um ectoparasito de relevância, ampla distribuição geográfica, vetor de patógenos causadores de doenças e responsável por perdas econômicas relacionadas ao uso de produtos químicos que causam impacto ambiental e aparecimento de populações resistentes. Pesquisas com nematoides entomopatogênicos podem ser uma alternativa ao controle químico desse inseto. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a eficácia de Heterorhabiditis bacteriophora (HP88) em larvas de C. felis em 400 μL, 600 μL e 1000 μL de suspensão contendo 120, 160 e 200 juvenis infectantes/larva e 600 μL de suspensão contendo as mesmas concentrações de Heterorhabditis indica (LPP30), divididos em dois grupos (ausência e presença de dieta) e grupo controle com três repetições contendo apenas com água destilada. No bioensaio com H. bacteriophora observou-se que os grupos com 600 μL de suspensão apresentaram melhores percentuais de mortalidade em relação aos outros volumes testados, sendo estas acima de 80% para as três concentrações. Já H. indica apresentou percentuais de mortalidades acima de 70% para as três concentrações utilizadas. Os resultados indicam que as larvas de pulga são suscetíveis a infecção in vitro por H. bacteriophora e H. indica.

RESUMEN

Stomoxys calcitrans causes losses to livestock, mainly to cattle. This study aimed to determine the pathogenic potential of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HP88 and H. baujardi LPP7 against S. calcitrans larvae after being exposed to byproducts of the sugar and alcohol industry. The efficacy of EPNs on stable fly larvae was evaluated in bioassays with vinasse at three temperatures (16, 25 and 35 °C) and concentrations (0, 50 and 100%), as well as in relation to larva age (4, 6 and 8 days) in filter cake and EPNs concentration (100, 300 and 500 IJs/larva) in sugarcane bagasse. H. bacteriophora showed higher efficacy than H. baujardi at all temperatures. Vinasse did not have a negative effect on the virulence of H. bacteriophora. The age of fly larvae did not affect the mortality rates caused by the EPNs. In bagasse, H. bacteriophora presented higher mortality rates than the control group. It is concluded that EPNs can be a potential component in integrated strategies of stable fly control and outbreak prevention in areas of sugar and alcohol production.

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Stomoxys calcitrans is a hematophagous dipteran. Several agents are used in biological control, including entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). Bioassay I involved an evaluation of the effect of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HP88 and Heterorhabditis baujardi LPP7 on S. calcitrans larvae in different periods of exposure. Groups of 10 larvae were placed in Petri dishes and 200 EPNs/larva were added, which were divided into groups according to the exposure times of 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours. The purpose of Bioassay II was to evaluate the efficacy of the EPNs in infecting S. calcitrans larvae when they were isolated from stable fly larvae in Bioassay I. Groups of 10 larvae were placed in Petri dishes and 200 EPNs/larva were added. In bioassay I, H. bacteriophora caused mortality rates of 51.7, 83.3 and 91.7% in 12, 24 and 48 hours, respectively, while H. baujardi caused mortality rates of 9.3 (12h), 35 (24h) and 35% (48h). In Bioassay II, H. bacteriophora and H. baujardi resulted in mortality rates of 35% and 25%, respectively. It was concluded that the longest exposure times presented the highest larval mortality and that EPNs isolated from S. calcitrans are not efficient in controlling the larvae fly.

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RESUMEN

Abstract Stomoxys calcitrans is a hematophagous dipteran. Several agents are used in biological control, including entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). Bioassay I involved an evaluation of the effect of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HP88 and Heterorhabditis baujardi LPP7 on S. calcitrans larvae in different periods of exposure. Groups of 10 larvae were placed in Petri dishes and 200 EPNs/larva were added, which were divided into groups according to the exposure times of 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours. The purpose of Bioassay II was to evaluate the efficacy of the EPNs in infecting S. calcitrans larvae when they were isolated from stable fly larvae in Bioassay I. Groups of 10 larvae were placed in Petri dishes and 200 EPNs/larva were added. In bioassay I, H. bacteriophora caused mortality rates of 51.7, 83.3 and 91.7% in 12, 24 and 48 hours, respectively, while H. baujardi caused mortality rates of 9.3 (12h), 35 (24h) and 35% (48h). In Bioassay II, H. bacteriophora and H. baujardi resulted in mortality rates of 35% and 25%, respectively. It was concluded that the longest exposure times presented the highest larval mortality and that EPNs isolated from S. calcitrans are not efficient in controlling the larvae fly.

Resumo Stomoxys calcitrans é um díptero hematófago. Vários agentes são usados no controle biológico, incluindo nematoides entomopatogênicos (NEPs). O bioensaio I objetivou avaliar o efeito de Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HP88 e Heterorhabditis baujardi LPP7 sobre larvas de S. calcitrans em diferentes períodos de exposição. Grupos de 10 larvas foram colocados em placas de Petri, adicionou-se 200 NEPs/larva, e foram divididos de acordo com tempos de exposição de 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 e 48 horas. O objetivo do Bioensaio II foi avaliar a eficácia dos NEPs na infecção de larvas de S. calcitrans, quando esses foram isolados de larvas da mosca oriundos do Bioensaio I. Os grupos de 10 larvas foram colocados em placas de Petri e 200 NEPs/larva foram adicionados. No bioensaio I, H. bacteriophora causou taxas de mortalidade de 51,7%, 83,3% e 91,7% em 12, 24 e 48 horas, respectivamente, enquanto H. baujardi causou taxas de mortalidade de 9,3% (12h), 35% (24h) e 35% (48h). No Bioensaio II, H. bacteriophora e H. baujardi resultaram em taxas de mortalidade de 35% e 25%, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que os maiores tempos de exposição apresentaram as maiores mortalidades larvais e que NEPs isolados de S. calcitrans não são eficientes no controle das larvas mosca.

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