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The present investigation deals with the accounts of a novel species of ciliate parasite belonging to the genus Paratrichodina namely, Paratrichodina indiana n. sp. identified from the respiratory organ of goldfish Carassius auratus at Nadia district of West Bengal, India. 276 fish have been collected for parasitological examination from various fish farm of West Bengal, India. The parasitological investigation was conducted using the AgNO3 impregnation technique, which was supplemented by a taxonomic description, morphological variations and data comparison with previously documented closely related species. Paratrichodina indiana n. sp. is a small-sized trichodinid, measures uniquely 19.21 ± 1.6 µm in body diameter, with prominent adhesive disc measure 15.55 ± 1.22 µm. The current investigation supports the first record of the genus from C. auratus and adds one new species to the genus Paratrichodina, as well as report of a new host, region and prevalence rates.
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A synopsis of the species of Monocystis (Apicomplexa: Gregarinomorphea: Arthrogregarida) is presented, including a total of 114 species of worldwide. The most significant morphological and morphometric traits for each species are included together with information on the type-host, type locality, the infection site within the host and the original references. This checklist enumerates total Monocystis spp. in a place described so far in the worldwide pattern.
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BACKGROUND: Trypanosomiasis, caused by protozoan parasites of the Trypanosoma genus, remains a significant health burden in several regions of the world. Cysteine proteases play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Trypanosoma parasites and have emerged as potential therapeutic targets for the development of novel antiparasitic drugs. INTRODUCTION: This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of cysteine proteases in trypanosomiasis and their potential as therapeutic targets. We discuss the biological significance of cysteine proteases in Trypanosoma parasites and their involvement in essential processes, such as host immune evasion, cell invasion, and nutrient acquisition. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies and research articles on the role of cysteine proteases and their inhibitors in trypanosomiasis. The selected studies were critically analyzed to extract key findings and provide a comprehensive overview of the topic. RESULTS: Cysteine proteases, such as cruzipain, TbCatB and TbCatL, have been identified as promising therapeutic targets due to their essential roles in Trypanosoma pathogenesis. Several small molecule inhibitors and peptidomimetics have been developed to target these proteases and have shown promising activity in preclinical studies. CONCLUSION: Targeting cysteine proteases and their inhibitors holds great potential for the development of novel antiparasitic drugs against trypanosomiasis. The identification of potent and selective cysteine protease inhibitors could significantly contribute to the combat against trypanosomiasis and improve the prospects for the treatment of this neglected tropical disease.
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The present study have been conducted to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of crude aqueous and crude methanolic leaf extracts of Murraya koenigii. Infection of ruminants with gastro-intestinal (GI) parasite has become a worldwide problem. The parasite causes economic losses in a variety of ways. Previously sheep producers relied heavily on anti-parasitic drugs to control gastro-intestinal parasites of the flocks. But due to misuse of these drugs the parasites become resistant to drugs. Thus created interest in studying medicinal plants as an alternative source of controlling the GI parasites. Adult motility assay (AMA) and egg hatch assay (EHA) have been done for in vitro study, and faecal egg count reduction (FECR) assay have been done for in vivo study. The in vitro study revealed anthelmintic effects of M. koenigii on Haemonchus contortus as evident from their paralytic condition and/or death at eight hour post exposure in different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50 mg/ml) of aqueous and methanolic extracts which exhibit to be dose-dependent. Aqueous and methanolic extracts of M. koenigii were found to have low percent inhibitory effect on egg hatching. It may be concluded that M. koenigii showed significant anthelmintic activity.
RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to provide a description of a new haemogregarine, Haemogregarina sundarbanensis n. sp., from mud turtles collected from Sundarban regions, West Bengal, India. METHODS: The turtles were collected from fish markets near Canning, South 24-Parganas District, West Bengal. Thin blood films were prepared using the blood drawn from the head and feet. The blood films were then air-dried, fixed in absolute methanol, and stained with Giemsa. RESULTS: The erythrocytic stages could be differentiated into small and large forms. The young gamonts measured 7.896×3.469 µm, microgamonts measured 8.876×4.425 µm, and macrogamonts measured 8.919×4.272 µm. The cytoplasm of the macrogamonts was stained deep blue with Giemsa, and many metachromatic granules are found uniformly distributed. The oval or rounded nucleus was central in position and stained deep red with Giemsa stain, whereas in microgamonts, the nucleus was not at all compact but with a few dispersed chromatin granules. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of infection was found to be 33.3% (5/15). The infected erythrocytes reveal shape alteration, marginal and atrophic nucleus, and were larger than non-parasitized erythrocytes. The cytoplasm of the infected erythrocytes stained darker than that of the uninfected erythrocytes.