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The sand fly phlebotomine fauna of the Brazilian municipality of Assis Brasil, Acre was sampled between April 2013 and March 2014 using modified CDC light traps. A total of 22,334 sand flies were collected, 41 of them belonging to three species: Lutzomyia gonzaloi, Lu. kirigetiensis and Lu. munaypata, of the subgenus Helcocyrtomyia, which have previously only been recorded in Peru. This paper presents their first reported collection in Brazil.

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Chronic venous leg ulcer (CVLU) arises as a chronic venous insufficiency complication and is a major cause of morbidity throughout the world. Our hypothesis is that the CVLU exudate composition is a biochemical representation of the wound clinical state. Then, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy could be a useful and less-invasive technique to study the clinical state of the ulcer. For this, the aim of this work was to perform a spectral characterization of the exudate from CVLU using FTIR spectroscopy to identify potential healing markers. 45 exudate samples from CVLU, 95% of the strains isolated from CVLU in planktonic and biofilm phenotypes and other related biological samples such as human plasma, serum, urine, blood cells, urea, creatinine, glucose and albumin were studied by FTIR spectroscopy. According to the vibration frequency of biomolecules' (lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates) characteristic bonds in the infrared region, different spectral windows were selected and spectral areas of each window were measured. Besides, Savitzky-Golay second derivatives were obtained for all spectra and peaks from each standardized window were detected. FTIR spectroscopy allowed identification of sample types (exudate, plasma, serum, urine) as each one presents a unique relative composition and ratios range. Also, this technique could be useful to identify bacteria in the phenotypic-ulcer state and allows differentiation of whether bacteria are in the biofilm or planktonic form which is unlikely by conventional methods. In this work we found some spectral markers (areas, peaks) that allow identification of several parameters in the exudate such as (a) total cellularity, (b) inflammatory cell load, (c) bacterial load, (d) fibrin amount, and (e) inflammatory proteins. Because the measured areas or founded peaks are concentration-dependent this method could also serve to measure them. Therefore, FTIR spectroscopy could be useful to evaluate patient evolution as all these exudate parameters represent critical negative markers for wound healing.

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In South America, the main sand fly species involved in the transmission of Leishmania infantum chagasi (Cunha & Chagas, 1937), etiological agent of the visceral leishmaniasis (VL), is Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912). The species has been recorded in Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Brazil, where it is recorded in 24 of the 27 Brazilian states, except Acre, Amazonas, and Santa Catarina. Collections were carried out for one year (April 2013 to March 2014) using modified CDC light traps in different environments in Assis Brasil municipality, state of Acre. Two males of Lu. longipalpis were found in peridomiciliary location in a peri-urban area. This is the first record of the species in Acre. This finding may be considered by the health agencies located in the trinational frontier, and new collections are needed to evaluate the real distribution of the species.

Na América do Sul, a principal espécie de flebotomíneo envolvido na transmissão de Leishmania infantum chagasi , agente etiológico da Leishmaniose visceral (VL), é Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912). Esta espécie já foi registrada na Colômbia, Venezuela, Bolívia, Argentina, Paraguai, Uruguai e Brasil, onde foram registradas em 24 dos 27 estados brasileiros, com exceção do Acre, Amazonas e Santa Catarina. As coletas foram realizadas por um ano (abril de 2013 a março de 2014) utilizando-se armadilhas de luz tipo de CDC em diferentes ambientes no município de Assis Brasil, estado do Acre. Dois machos de Lu. longipalpis foram encontrados no peridomicílio de uma residência localizada na área periurbana, sendo o primeiro registro desta espécie no estado. Esse achado deve ser considerado pelas agências de saúde localizadas na fronteira trinacional. Novas capturas serão necessárias para avaliar a distribuição real da espécie.

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Many terrestrial ecosystems are changing due to extensive land use and habitat fragmentation, posing a major threat to biodiversity. In this study, the effects of patch size, isolation, and edge/interior localization on the ground dwelling insect communities in the Chaco Serrano woodland remnants in central Argentina were examined. Sampling was carried out in December 2003 and March 2004 in nine remnants (0.57 to 1000 hectares) using pitfall traps. In total, 7071 individuals representing 12 orders and 79 families were recorded. The taxonomic composition of these communities was linked to remnant size. Insect abundance increased (as did their richness, albeit marginally) as remnant area decreased, with no significant effects of isolation or edge/interior localization on abundance, richness, or diversity. No differential area effects were observed when abundance and richness of predators, scavengers, and herbivores were compared. Thus, ground insect communities in fragmented Chaco Serrano seem to respond mainly to patch level, rather than to within-patch (edge effects) or landscape (isolation) level variables. These results suggest that small Chaco Serrano remnants, by supporting larger ground-dwelling insect assemblages, may play an important role from a conservation viewpoint.

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La enfermedad de Darier y la acroqueratosis verruciforme de Hopf son disqueratosis cutáneas asociadas, debido a una mutacióndel gen ATP2A2. Se presenta un paciente con ambas patologías y sus opciones de tratamiento.

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The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is recognized as a valid screening for dementia. It consists of 29 verbal items from a total of 30. The Brief Aphasia Evaluation (BAE) includes 10 aphasia and 12 orientation items, which are similar to most of the MMSE items. It was studied whether those BAE items (MMSE-like): (a) correlate with the rest of the BAE items (BAE-rest), and (b) differentiate patients with left cerebral lesions (LC) from both patients with right cerebral lesions (RC) and healthy participants (HP). A sample of 109 right-handed volunteers (38 HP, 37 LC, and 34 RC) was studied. The three groups were matched according to gender, age, and education. Patients were similar in multiple variables. The correlation between MMSE-like and BAE-rest was .90. MMSE-like showed a sensitivity and specificity of .81 or above to identify the LC from the other two groups. There is a risk for misdiagnosing aphasia as dementia with the MMSE.

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INTRODUCTION: Aphasia tests validated according to the brain injury side are necessary, especially for Spanish instruments. OBJECTIVES: To study the concurrent validity of this Brief Aphasia Evaluation (BAE) to differentiate patients with left cerebral lesions (LC) from patients with right cerebral lesions (RC) as well as LC from healthy participants (HP). To study, through an unrestricted-sub-test-factor analysis, the BAE conceptual and content validity to generate a verbal homogeneous construct. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were obtained from a sample of 109 right-handed volunteers: 37 LC, 34 RC and 38 HP. The three groups were matched according to gender, age and education. RESULTS: Both groups of patients were similar in type and site of lesion, time since onset of condition, risk factors, presence of hemianopsia and hemiparesis and number of hospital visits. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient indicated an internal consistency of 0.99 for the total score and 0.88 or above for any of the sub-tests. All sub-tests (with loadings of 0.65 or above) grouped in one factor which explained 78% of the variance. The BAE showed a sensitivity and specificity of 0.84 or above to identify the LC (median as cut-off point). CONCLUSIONS: This test of free distribution demonstrated a satisfactory validity.

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Introdução: A situação nutricional das crianças é essencial para aferir a evolução das condições de saúde e de vida da população de um país, uma vez que ela pode causar a obesidade infantil capaz de perpetuar-se até a fase adulta. Objetivo: Avaliar o estado nutricional de 3.996 crianças matriculadas em Escolas Municipais de Educação Infantil (EMEI), no município de Piracicaba, SP. Método: Foi coletado peso, estatura e idade dos pré-escolares. Adotou-se a classificação com base nas unidades de desvio-padrão ou escore-z, utilizando os indicadores antropométricos de estatura-pela-idade (ZEI) e peso-pela-estatura (ZPE). Resultados: Verificou-se que 8,1% dos pré-escolares apresentam déficits de estatura (ZEI <-2), e 0,7%, desnutrição aguda (ZPE <-2). Foram identificados 15,6% de crianças na faixa de risco para obesidade (1<ZPE<2); 4,7%, com sobrepeso (2<ZPE<3), e 4,9%, com obesidade grave (ZPE>3). Conclusão: Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de implementar programas de intervenção nas EMEIs em Piracicaba, SP.

Introduction: The nutritional status of children is essential to assess the evolution of life and health conditions of a population in a country, since it can cause obesity in children which may perpetuate itself until adulthood. Objective: To evaluate the nutritional status of 3,996 children enrolled in public schools of early education (EMEI), in Piracicaba, SP. Method: Weight, height and age of preschoolers were collected. It was adopted the classification based on standard deviation units or z-score, using the anthropometric indicators of height-for-age (ZHA), weight-for-height (ZWH). Results: It was found that 8.1% of preschoolers showed deficits in stature (ZHA <-2), and 0.7% of children presented acute malnutrition (ZWH <-2). It was identified that 15.6% of children at risk for obesity (1 <ZWH <2); 4.7% were overweight (2 <ZWH <3), and 4.9%, severely obese (ZWH> 3). Conclusion: The results pointed to the need to implement intervention programs in EMEI Piracicaba, SP.

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We present the final results of a study using the IRDI (Clinical Risk Indicators in child Development). Based on a psychoanalytic approach, 31 risk signs for child development were constructed and applied to 726 children between the ages of 0 and 18 months. One sub-sample was evaluated at the age of three. The results showed a predictive capacity of IRDIs to indicate developmental problems; 15 indicators for the IRDI were also highlighted that predict psychic risk for the constitution of the subject.

No presente artigo, apresentam-se os resultados finais da Pesquisa IRFI. A partir da psicanálise, 31 indicadores clínicos de risco para o desenvolvimento infantil (IRDI) foram construídos e aplicados em 726 crianças entre 0 e 18 meses. Uma sub-amostra foi avaliada com a idade de 3 anos. Os resultados apontaram a capacidade dos IRDI para predizer problemas de desenvolvimento e destacaram ainda 15 indicadores do IRDI com capacidade para predizer risco psíquico para a constituição subjetiva.

El presente artículo presenta los resultados finales de la pesquisa IRDI. Desde el psicoanálisis, 31 signos de riesgo para el desarrollo infantil (IRDI) se han construido y aplicado a 726 niños entre 0 y 18 meses. Se evaluó una sub nuestra a los 3 años de edad. Los resultados muestran que los IRDI poseen una capacidad de predecir problemas de desarrollo 15 signos muestran una capacidad de predicción de riesgo psíquico para la constitución subjetiva.

Cet article présente les résultats de la recherche IRDI. A partir de la psychanalyse, 31 signes cliniques de risque pour le développement de l´enfant (IRDI) ont été développés et appliqués à 726 enfants à l'âge entre 0 et 18 mois. Un sous-échantillon a été évalué à l´âge de trois ans. Les résultats ont montré que les IRDI ont la capacité de prédire des problèmes de développement. Un groupe de 15 signes prévoit d'ailleurs le risque psychique de la constitution subjective.

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We present the final results of a study using the IRDI (Clinical Risk Indicators in child Development). Based on a psychoanalytic approach, 31 risk signs for child development were constructed and applied to 726 children between the ages of 0 and 18 months. One sub-sample was evaluated at the age of three. The results showed a predictive capacity of IRDIs to indicate developmental problems; 15 indicators for the IRDI were also highlighted that predict psychic risk for the constitution of the subject.AU

No presente artigo, apresentam-se os resultados finais da Pesquisa IRFI. A partir da psicanálise, 31 indicadores clínicos de risco para o desenvolvimento infantil (IRDI) foram construídos e aplicados em 726 crianças entre 0 e 18 meses. Uma sub-amostra foi avaliada com a idade de 3 anos. Os resultados apontaram a capacidade dos IRDI para predizer problemas de desenvolvimento e destacaram ainda 15 indicadores do IRDI com capacidade para predizer risco psíquico para a constituição subjetiva.AU

El presente artículo presenta los resultados finales de la pesquisa IRDI. Desde el psicoanálisis, 31 signos de riesgo para el desarrollo infantil (IRDI) se han construido y aplicado a 726 niños entre 0 y 18 meses. Se evaluó una sub nuestra a los 3 años de edad. Los resultados muestran que los IRDI poseen una capacidad de predecir problemas de desarrollo 15 signos muestran una capacidad de predicción de riesgo psíquico para la constitución subjetiva.AU

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Los angioqueratomas incluyen un grupo de enfermedades raras caracterizadas por desórdenes vasculares en el plexo de la dermis e hiperqueratosis de la epidermis suprayacente. Clínicamente se presentan pápulas de color rojo-oscuro o negras que comprometen piel y menos frecuentemente mucosa. Existen descriptos diferentes tipos de angioqueratomas: los localizados que originan trastornos estéticos y los que tienen implicancia sistémica. Presentamos un caso en una adolescente de sexo femenino con angioqueratoma cirsunscrito en lengua.

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Los modelos animales de aproximación-evitación son útiles para el estudio inicial de drogas con efecto sobre la ansiedad pero los componentes de la ansiedad valorados por estos modelos continúan pobremente definidos. Los modelos complejos de evaluación permiten inferencias más completas que aquellos que evalúan sólo una conducta. Estudios previos demuestran que el antidepresivo tricíclico desipramina ejerce un selectivo efecto anticonflicto sobre ratas adultas sometidas a un programa de privación proteica en edad perinatal, en parámetros de conducta espontánea (laberinto en cruz elevado) e ingesta condicionada (Geller-Seifter). Dichas ratas hiponutridas muestran alteraciones en la neurotransmisión noradrenérgica que se asemejan a la activación generalizada del sistema noradrenérgico que presentan los pacientes que sufren ataques de pánico. Se evaluó la actividad anticonflicto de la desipramina en una prueba de conflicto etológico: el test de bebida en campo abierto, sin descartar a priori ninguna conducta, bajo un enfoque multivariado. Este enfoque no ha sido considerado en estudios previos de campo abierto y drogas antipánico. Sobre cuatro variables seleccionadas por análisis factorial, la administración de desipramina a una dosis de 10mg/kg por sólo 7 días produjo una significativa interacción dieta × droga, consistente con estudios previos. La interacción fue independiente de los efectos de ambos tratamientos sobre el peso o la ingesta y se expresó, en las ratas hiponutridas, como un decremento en todas las conductas excepto en el tiempo de bebida con respecto a las ratas controles que mostraron, en general, un decremento en todas las conductas excepto en la frecuencia de acicalamiento.

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Approach-avoidance animal models are useful as initial screens for drugs affecting anxiety, but the components of anxiety assessed by these models remain poorly defined. Complex models of evaluation allow more complete inferences than those which are obtained when only one behavior is evaluated. Previous studies demonstrate that the tricyclic-antidepressant desipramine exerts a selective anticonflict effect on adult rats submitted to a protein deprivation schedule at perinatal age, in parameters of spontaneous behavior (elevated plus-maze) and conditioned intake (Geller Seifter). These deprived rats show alterations in noradrenergic neurotransmission that resembled the generalized activation of noradrenergic system displayed by patients suffering from panic attacks. The desipramine anticonflict activity was evaluated by a test of ethological conflict: the Open Field Drink Test, without discarding any behavior a priori under a multivaried approach. This approach has not been considered in previous studies with the open field and antipanic drugs. Considering the four variables selected by factorial analysis, desipramine (10 mg/kg/day) administered IP during just 7 days produced a significant diet x drug interaction which was consistent with previous studies. That interaction was independent of the effects of both treatments on weight or intake and was expressed, on deprived rats, as a decrease in all the behaviors, except for the time of drinking, with respect to the control rats, which displayed, in general, a decrease in all the behaviors except for the frequency of grooming.

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INTRODUCTION: Clinical studies have shown that some antidepressants may be more efficient than benzodiazepines to alleviate anxiety associated with panic disorders; however, operant conflict procedures in rats developed so far seem not particularly able to model human anxiety sensitive to antidepressant treatments. Previous panic models with learned responses did not statistically subtract the effect of confounding factors from the variable of interest. METHODS: Undernourished rats were selected due to their behavioral and neurobiological resemblance to human patients suffering from panic disorder. The Geller-Seifter paradigm represented the stressful environmental condition in adult life. Desipramine (10 mg/kg/day) or saline were administered IP during 7 days under a cross over design (N=10). Five daily 15 min-operant sessions were carried out on each experiment. Unpunished, unrewarded and punished operant behavioral periods were identical both in their duration and in their reward system (the FR1 schedule) in order to measure response suppression, which has not been considered in previous studies with the Geller-Seifter paradigm. The dependent variable was the difference between comparable unpunished and punished periods. RESULTS: A significant Diet x Drug interaction was observed in the dependent variable, which represented the level of "suppression/suppression release" induced by treatments. DISCUSSION: Compared to control rats, deprived rats showed a significant and selective anticonflict effect of desipramine on the stressful and complex operant performance. The animal model of perinatally protein-deprived rats along with the Geller-Seifter's operant behavioral paradigm may represent a more sensitive approach to model human anxiety sensitive to antidepressant treatments by considering the combined impact of both early biological trauma and adult learned experiences under the same design.

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The distribution of sand flies and cases of tegumentary leishmaniasis in the area surrounding JB Alberd city, and the proximities of Catamarca province were studied, after an increase of reported cases from JB Alberdi, Tucumán province, in 2003. Of 14 confirmed cases, 57% were females and 57% were less than 15 years old, suggesting peridomestic transmission. However, 86% of them lived close to the Marapa river forest gallery and related wooded areas. Over 1,013 sand flies were collected; Lutzomyia neivai (Pinto, 1926) was prevalent at all the sites (92.3%), while Lutzomyia migonei (França, 1920) (6.7%) and Lu. cortelezzii (Brèthes, 1923) (1%) were also found. The spatial distribution of Lu. neivai overlapped that of the cases, with higher abundance in microfocal hot spots close to the river in stable vegetated habitats or modified habitats with shadow and animal blood sources. The cumulative outcome of anthropic, ecological and climatic factors could have contributed to the onset of the outbreak.

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The distribution of sand flies and cases of tegumentary leishmaniasis in the area surrounding JB Alberd city, and the proximities of Catamarca province were studied, after an increase of reported cases from JB Alberdi, Tucumán province, in 2003. Of 14 confirmed cases, 57 percent were females and 57 percent were less than 15 years old, suggesting peridomestic transmission. However, 86 percent of them lived close to the Marapa river forest gallery and related wooded areas. Over 1,013 sand flies were collected; Lutzomyia neivai (Pinto, 1926) was prevalent at all the sites (92.3 percent), while Lutzomyia migonei (França, 1920) (6.7 percent) and Lu. cortelezzii (Brèthes, 1923) (1 percent) were also found. The spatial distribution of Lu. neivai overlapped that of the cases, with higher abundance in microfocal hot spots close to the river in stable vegetated habitats or modified habitats with shadow and animal blood sources. The cumulative outcome of anthropic, ecological and climatic factors could have contributed to the onset of the outbreak.

Após um aumento nos casos notificados na cidade de JB Alberdi, Provincia de Tucumán, no ano de 2003, foram estudados a distribuição de flebotomíneos e casos de leishmaniose tegumentar nos arredores de JB Alberdi, e na área próxima à Província de Catamarca. De 14 casos confirmados, 57 por cento foram mulheres e 57 por cento tinham menos de 15 anos de idade, sugerindo transmissão peridomiciliar. Contudo, 86 por cento dos casos residiam perto da galeria florestal do rio Marapa e perto de ilhas de vegetacão residual. De 1.013 flebotomíneos coletados, Lutzomyia neivai (Pinto, 1926) foi a espécie dominante em todos os sítios (92,3 por cento). Também, se capturaram Lutzomyia migonei (França, 1920) (6,7 por cento) e Lutzomyia cortelezzii (Brèthes, 1923) (1 por cento). A distribuicão espacial de Lu. neivai se sobrepõe com a dos casos com alta abundância em pontos quentes microfocais próximos ao rio, em habitats estáveis com vegetação, ou habitats modificados com sombras e fonte de sangue animal. O efeito acumulativo de fatores antrópicos, ecológicos e climáticos pode ter contribuido à geração do surto epidêmico.

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Entre las más importantes estrategias de sobrevivencia de los seres humanos se encuentra la migración. Ésta permitió al hombre ocupar nuevos ambientes, en busca de condiciones de vida mejores que las alcanzadas en su lugar de origen. En un trabajo anterior fue identificado en Piracicaba, Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil, un gran contingente de inmigrantes provenientes del municipio de Nuevo Cruzeiro, Estado de Minas Gerais. En el presente trabajo se investigó si las familias que migraron de Nuevo Cruzeiro hacia Piracicaba están alcanzando condiciones de vida similares o mejores a las de los pobladores de la localidad de origen, lo que justificaría el desplazamiento. Se constató, por los indicadores estudiados, que hay mejores condiciones de vida entre los habitantes del municipio de Piracicaba en lo que se refiere a infraestrutura habitacional, renta familiar y escolaridad materna

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The heavy metal cadmium is very toxic to biological systems. Although its effect on the growth of microorganisms and plants has been investigated, the response of antioxidant enzymes of Aspergillus nidulans to cadmium is not well documented. We have studied the effect of cadmium (supplied as CdCl(2)) on catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR). 0.005 mM CdCl(2) had a very slight stimulatory effect on the growth rate of A. nidulans, but at concentrations above 0.025 mM, growth was totally inhibited. The accumulation of Cd within the mycelium was directly correlated with the increase in the concentration of CdC(2) used in the treatments. Although a cadmium-stimulated increase in SOD activity was observed, there was no change in the relative proportions of the individual Mn-SOD isoenzymes. Higher concentrations of CdCl(2) induced a small increase in total CAT activity, but there was a major increase in one isoenzymic form, that could be separated by gel electrophoresis. GR activity increased significantly following treatment with the highest concentration (0.05 mM) of CdCl(2). The increases in SOD, CAT, and GR activities suggest that CdCl(2) induces the formation of reactive oxygen species inside the mycelia of A. nidulans.

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