RESUMEN
The coronavirus disease designated as COVID-19 reached the level of a pandemic, affecting countries all across the world. Widespread outbreaks of COVID-19 are associated with psychological distress and symptoms of mental disorders. This article is a narrative review of the existing scientific literature on mental health of the society and interventions relevant to the COVID-19 pandemic. A search in the existing databases using the respective keywords has been carried out. It focuses on the consequences of the pandemic with respect to people's mental health in different clusters of society, including children, health care workers and their relatives, and pregnant women and their families. The unpredictability of the virus pandemic and its high transmission rate is an emergency of psychological problems and certain neuropsychological symptoms, such as fear and abnormal high anxiety, with respect to the spread of the disease, depression, avoidant behaviors, sleep disturbance, irritability, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), pathological anger, and suicide cases.
RESUMEN
The anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive properties of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (ROL) extract and its major constituent, carnosol in male NMRI mice (W:25-30 g) have been evaluated in the present study. Formalin (2%, 20 microL) was injected into the plantar portion of the hind paw and resulting pain and inflammation was studied for 60 min. The plant extract, carnosol and other drugs were administered intraperitoneally or subcutaneously 30 min before formalin injection. In a separate experiment, the effects of the extract and carnosol on plasma corticosterone levels and activity of the enzymes cyclooxygenase type 1 and 2 (COX1 and COX2) were investigated. Injection of different doses of ROL and carnosol reduced pain in the phase 2 of the formalin test, which was not inhibited by naloxone and/or memantine. In addition, pretreatment of the animals with ROL and/or carnosol reduces the formalin-induced inflammation. Furthermore, the extract and carnosol did not affect plasma corticosterone levels compared with the control group. Interestingly, both the extract and carnosol inhibited COX1 and COX2 activity. It could be concluded that ROL extract and carnosol suppressed pain and inflammation induced by formalin injection, which may be due to inhibition of COX1 and COX2 enzymes activity.
Asunto(s)
Abietanos/farmacología , Alcoholes/química , Analgésicos/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Inflamación/prevención & control , Dolor/prevención & control , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Rosmarinus , Solventes/química , Abietanos/administración & dosificación , Analgésicos/administración & dosificación , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/administración & dosificación , Corticosterona/sangre , Ciclooxigenasa 1/metabolismo , Ciclooxigenasa 2/metabolismo , Inhibidores de la Ciclooxigenasa 2/farmacología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Formaldehído , Inflamación/sangre , Inflamación/inducido químicamente , Inflamación/enzimología , Inyecciones Intraperitoneales , Inyecciones Subcutáneas , Masculino , Proteínas de la Membrana/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Ratones , Dolor/sangre , Dolor/inducido químicamente , Dolor/enzimología , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Plantas MedicinalesRESUMEN
Stress amelioration can improve its metabolic as well as other side effects. In the present study, the effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of Papver rhoeas (L.) on formalin-induced pain and inflammation were investigated in male Swiss-Webster mice (20-25 g). Formalin injects in the plantar portion of mice hind paw and pain was studied for 60 min. The plant extract and other drugs were administered intraperitoneally 30 min before formalin. Experiments showed that administration of extract (25, 50 and 100 mg kg(-1)) could induced analgesia in a dose-response manner in both phases of formalin test. More over, the extract inhibits inflammation induced by formalin injection. Naloxone (4 mg kg(-1)), dextromethorphan (20 mg kg(-1)) and NG-nitro-L-arginine-methylester (L-NAME; 10 mg kg(-1)) reduced the extract analgesia in first but not late phase. Extract administration also increased plasma corticosterone level in dose-dependent manner. It could be concluded that Papaver rhoeas (L.) extract could inhibits acute phase of formalin test in mice by opioidergic, glutamatergic and nitricergic mechanisms. In addition, the extract can induce corticosterone plasma level which may be responsible for inhibition of inflammation and chronic phase of pain induced by formalin.