RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The expansion of marine aquaculture requires the shipment of early life stages from hatcheries to breeding centers. Thus, maintaining water quality parameters during transportation is crucial. This experiment investigated the effects of a commercial probiotic mixture (PM) (consisting of Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, Pediococcus acidilactici, and Lactobacillus acidophilus with a total count of 107 CFU/g) on water quality, bacterial population, and the survival of larvae of Yellowfin Seabream Acanthopagrus latus during a 24-h simulated transportation experiment. METHODS: To simulate transportation, purified seawater was used as a control and purified seawater supplemented with 3 g of PM was used as the PM48 treatment. For the PM48 treatment, 3 g of PM was added to 1 L of purified seawater and mixed with 200 L of purified seawater 48 h prior to the main experiment. RESULT: The use of probiotics resulted in an increase in larval survival up to 93.3% compared with 89.85% in the control group. Initial sampling showed a statistically significant difference in NO 2 - levels between the control and PM48 treatments. After transportation, the pH of the control treatment showed a significant decrease. The total number of bacteria and the total number of Vibrio spp. in water and fish larvae showed that within 48 h, the probiotics became the dominant population in the PM48 treatment. After 24 h, water samples and larvae from the control treatment showed a significant increase in bacterial load. CONCLUSION: The results showed that probiotics can play a significant role in maintaining biotic and abiotic water quality parameters, leading to a better survival rate of larvae during transportation. These findings represent an important step in improving long-distance transport protocols.
Asunto(s)
Perciformes , Probióticos , Dorada , Animales , Larva , Calidad del Agua , Probióticos/farmacología , BacteriasRESUMEN
The present study aimed to measure the concentrations of Sn, Pb, Zn, Hg, Cu, Ni and Cd in the muscle and liver of 40 Common Moorhens (Gallinula chloropus) hunted from four stations in Anzali Wetland (Pirbazar, Ghalam-Koudeh, Selkeh and Abkenar). The histopathologic alteration index (HAI) of liver and kidney was also assessed in these birds. The highest concentrations of selected metals were measured in the liver of birds collected from Ghalam-Koudeh (Pb: 4.59±0.21, Sn: 6.663±0.282, Zn: 29.867±2.011, Cu: 24.07±1.84, Hg: 7.5±0.257, Ni: 6.85±0.52, Cd: 1.879±0.4mg kg(-1) dw). The lowest concentrations of metals were measured in the muscle of birds caught from Abkenar (Pb: 0.799±0.207, Sn: 1.873±0.066, Zn: 18.533±1.582, Hg: 0.86±0.08, Ni: 0.53±0.117, Cu: 6.63±1.114, Cd: 0.08±0.002mg kg(-1) dw). Also the highest and lowest concentrations of metals were recorded in sediment of Ghalam-Koudeh and Abkenar stations, respectively. These stations were located next to multi-industry Anzali Port. However, the concentration of Sn and Zn in sediment and tissues of Common Moorhens collected from different stations was lower than the permissible limit suggested by WHO and Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). But, Pb, Hg and Ni concentration in sediment and birds caught from all stations was higher than the permissible limit defined by WHO and CCME. Cu and Cd concentration in tissue samples and sediment of Ghalam-Koudeh and Pirbazar was also higher than the permissible limit defined by WHO and CCME. Hemorrhage, melanomacrophage aggregations, sinusoidal congestion and hepatocyte vacuolation were the most pathological changes found in the liver. Reduction of the Bowman space, melanomacrophage aggregations and hemorrhage also were observed in the kidney. The HAI means of G. chloropus collected from Ghalam-Koudeh and Pirbazar were significantly higher than other sites. Based on the HAI values and metal bioaccumulation in the tissues of G. chloropus, Ghalam-Koudeh and Pirbazar could be considered as having the worst environmental quality.