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Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) following cardiac surgery is a well-described phenomenon, usually associated with hemodynamic changes ultimately leading to ischemic injury to the kidneys. In this study, we assessed the occurrence of AKI in a cohort of patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery at a single center. Methods: Patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery (coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and/or valve repair) between the years 2016 and 2022 were retrospectively included in the study. Results: During the study, 167 patients underwent CABG, valve replacement, or both procedures. The majority were male (85.0%). Post-operative AKI was observed in 27.5% of patients, with 2.4% requiring continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT)/dialysis. The majority of AKI cases were staged as Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) stage 1. Among patients needing CRRT/dialysis, 1.8% recovered renal function within 3 months, with 0.6% experiencing 30-day mortality. In univariate analysis, factors associated with AKI included older age (P = 0.003), severe anemia (P < 0.0001), pre-operative creatinine elevation (P < 0.0001), complex surgeries (P < 0.0001), blood product transfusion (P < 0.0001), longer cross-clamp (XC) and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) times (P < 0.0001), and inotropes usage (P < 0.0001). Classical risk factors like diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension did not show significant differences. The majority of these factors (severe anemia, age, pre-operative creatinine, post-operative inotrope usage, and cross-clamp times) were consistently significant (P < 0.05) in logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: Post-operative AKI following cardiac surgery is frequent, with significant associations seen especially with pre-operative anemia. Future investigations focusing on the specific causes of anemia linked to AKI development are essential, considering the high prevalence of hemoglobinopathy traits in our population.
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INTRODUCTION: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a digestive disorder that is commonly seen in adults and characterized by heartburn and regurgitation. The epidemiological aspects of GERD have been studied over the past decade due to the increasing prevalence and complications of the disease. Thus, we aimed in this study to assess the prevalence, risk factors of GERD, and its relationship with academic performance among students at Jazan University. METHODS: This is a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study that was conducted among Jazan university students in Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire and analysis was performed using SPSS (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). RESULTS: A total of 953 students participated in this study. The prevalence of GERD was found to be 23.1%. Our findings showed that five or more physical activities for ≥ 30 minutes per week, and fiber-rich foods were found to decrease the odds of developing GERD. However, more than three meals per day and having a family history of GERD were found to increase the odds of GERD. Moreover, age, use of proton pump inhibitors (PPI), and Khat chewing were also statistically significant risk factors for GERD (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated a high prevalence of GERD among Jazan university students. However, risk factors were almost similar to those reported by previous studies. Thus, raising awareness about the modifiable risk factors of GERD is warranted.