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BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization increases the risk of subsequent infection by MRSA strain complex interlinking between hospital and community-acquired MRSA which increases the chance of drug resistance and severity of the disease. OBJECTIVE: Genomic characterization of Staphylococcus aures strains isolated from patients attending regional referral hospitals in Tanzania. METHODOLOGY: A laboratory-based cross-sectional study using short read-based sequencing technology, (Nextseq550,Illumina, Inc. San diego, California, USA). The samples used were collected from patients attending selected regional referral hospitals in Tanzania under the SeqAfrica project. Sequences were analyzed using tools available in the center for genomic and epidemiology server, and visualization of the phylogenetic tree was performed in ITOL 6.0. SPSS 28.0 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Among 103 sequences of S. aureus, 48.5% (50/103) carry the mecA gene for MRSA. High proportions of MRSA were observed among participants aged between 18 and 34 years (52.4%), in females (54.3%), and among outpatients (60.5%). The majority of observed MRSA carried plasmids rep5a (92.0%), rep16 (90.0%), rep7c (90.0%), rep15 (82.0%), rep19 (80.0%) and rep10 (72.0%). Among all plasmids observed rep5a, rep16, rep20, and repUS70 carried the blaZ gene, rep10 carried the erm(C) gene and rep7a carried the tet(K) gene. MLST and phylogeny analysis reveal high diversity among MRSA. Six different clones were observed circulating at selected regional hospitals and MRSA with ST8 was dominant. CONCLUSION: The study reveals a significant presence of MRSA in Staphylococcus aureus strains from Tanzanian regional hospitals, with nearly half carrying the mecA gene. MRSA is notably prevalent among young adults, females, and outpatients, showing high genetic diversity and dominance of ST8. Various plasmids carrying resistance genes indicate a complex resistance profile, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to manage MRSA infections in Tanzania.

Asunto(s)

Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina , Infecciones Estafilocócicas , Humanos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/genética , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/aislamiento & purificación , Tanzanía/epidemiología , Femenino , Masculino , Adulto , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/epidemiología , Filogenia , Persona de Mediana Edad , Genómica , Estudios Transversales , Derivación y Consulta , Niño , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Genoma Bacteriano

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Escherichia coli is known to cause about 2 million deaths annually of which diarrhea infection is leading and typically occurs in children under 5 years old. Although Africa is the most affected region there is little information on their pathotypes diversity and their antimicrobial resistance. OBJECTIVE: To determine the pathotype diversity and antimicrobial resistance among E. coli from patients attending regional referral hospitals in Tanzania. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective cross-section laboratory-based study where a total of 138 archived E. coli isolates collected from 2020 to 2021 from selected regional referral hospitals in Tanzania were sequenced using the Illumina Nextseq550 sequencer platform. Analysis of the sequences was done in the CGE tool for the identification of resistance genes and virulence genes. SPSS version 20 was used to summarize data using frequency and proportion. RESULTS: Among all 138 sequenced E. coli isolates, the most prevalent observed pathotype virulence genes were of extraintestinal E. coli UPEC fyuA gene 82.6% (114/138) and NMEC irp gene 81.9% (113/138). Most of the E. coli pathotypes observed exist as a hybrid due to gene overlapping, the most prevalent pathotypes observed were NMEC/UPEC hybrid 29.7% (41/138), NMEC/UPEC/EAEC hybrid 26.1% (36/138), NMEC/UPEC/DAEC hybrid 18.1% (25/138) and EAEC 15.2% (21/138). Overall most E. coli carried resistance gene to ampicillin 90.6% (125/138), trimethoprim 85.5% (118/138), tetracycline 79.9% (110/138), ciprofloxacin 76.1% (105/138) and 72.5% (100/138) Nalidixic acid. Hybrid pathotypes were more resistant than non-hybrid pathotypes. CONCLUSION: Whole genome sequencing reveals the presence of hybrid pathotypes with increased drug resistance among E. coli isolated from regional referral hospitals in Tanzania.

Asunto(s)

Infecciones por Escherichia coli , Escherichia coli , Tanzanía , Humanos , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/aislamiento & purificación , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/tratamiento farmacológico , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genética , Estudios Retrospectivos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Derivación y Consulta , Factores de Virulencia/genética

RESUMEN

Background: Numerous studies have revealed the association of the door handle and contamination of pathogenic bacteria. Door handles of clinical and research laboratories have higher chances of contamination with pathogenic bacteria during closing and opening with contaminated gloves on, or sometimes after visiting the toilets without the use of disinfectant materials. There is limited epidemiological data regarding bacteria cross contamination of door locks of the Clinical laboratory at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre. This study aimed at providing the proportions of bacteria contaminating medical laboratory doors. Methods: A cross section laboratory-based study was conducted and it involved collection of swab samples from doors and working benches in the clinical laboratory. Results: Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus, Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas aeroginosa and coliforms were (26%, 22%, 18%, 8%, 4% and 4% respectively. Conclusion: This study has reported high proportion of pathogenic bacteria. The results entails that, internal and external environments are responsible for laboratory door contamination.