RESUMEN
The insect odorant receptors (ORs) are amongst the largest gene families in insect genomes and the primary means by which insects recognize volatile compounds. The evolution of ORs is thus instrumental in explaining the chemical ecology of insects and as a model of evolutionary biology. However, although ORs have been described from numerous insect species, their analysis within and amongst the insect orders has been hindered by a combination of limited genomic information and a tendency of the OR family toward rapid divergence, gain, and loss. We addressed these issues in the insect order Coleoptera through a targeted genomic annotation effort that included 1181 ORs from one species of the sister order Strepsiptera and 10 species representing the four coleopteran suborders. The numbers of ORs in each species varied from hundreds to fewer than 10, but coleopteran ORs could nevertheless be represented within a scheme of nine monophyletic subfamilies. We observed many radiations and losses of genes amongst OR subfamilies, and the diversity of ORs appeared to parallel the host breadth of the study species. However, some small lineages of ORs persisted amongst many coleopteran families, suggesting receptors of key function that underlie the olfactory ecology of beetles.
Asunto(s)
Escarabajos/genética , Receptores Odorantes/genética , Animales , Escarabajos/clasificación , Evolución Molecular , Genoma de los Insectos , FilogeniaRESUMEN
Myelin prepared from brain tissue of the developing rat (15 days post partum) can be separated into several subfractions. These are (1) ;myelin-like' and ;purified myelin', by the technique of Davison and co-workers (Agrawal et al., 1970b) and (2) ;membrane fraction,' ;light myelin' and ;heavy myelin' by the discontinuous-sucrose-gradient procedure described in the present paper. ;Myelin-like' and ;membrane-fraction' subfractions appear to be similar in chemical properties, but different in detailed morphology by electron microscopy. Both fractions are related to myelin, on the basis of demonstrable myelin basic protein by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate and the presence of a myelin-marker enzyme, 2':3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase. These two fractions have a low lipid content (17% for ;myelin-like' and 40% for ;membrane-fraction' subfractions) compared with myelin (67-72%). No cerebroside was detected in these two fractions, whereas cerebrosides are a major component of myelin itself. The administration of [2,3-(3)H]tryptophan to young rats results in more rapid incorporation into proteins of the ;myelin-like' and ;membrane-fraction' subfractions when compared with incorporation into myelin. Data are presented which are consistent with a precursor-product relationship for conversion of ;myelin-like' and ;membrane-fraction' subfractions into myelin.
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/metabolismo , Vaina de Mielina/metabolismo , Animales , Fraccionamiento Celular , Centrifugación por Gradiente de Densidad , Electroforesis en Gel de Poliacrilamida , Leucina/metabolismo , Membranas/metabolismo , Membranas/ultraestructura , Microscopía Electrónica , Proteína Básica de Mielina/metabolismo , Vaina de Mielina/ultraestructura , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/biosíntesis , RatasRESUMEN
Multiple criteria must be used to relate a membrane fraction (;myelin-like') to myelin. These reported in this communication are electron microscopy, marker enzymes, sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoretic patterns and lipid composition.
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Vaina de Mielina/análisis , Acetilcolinesterasa , Animales , Electroforesis en Gel de Poliacrilamida , Histocitoquímica , Hidroxibutirato Deshidrogenasa , Lípidos/análisis , Membranas , Microscopía Electrónica , Microsomas , Nucleótidos Cíclicos , Monoéster Fosfórico Hidrolasas , Ratas , Dodecil Sulfato de SodioAsunto(s)
Química Encefálica , Vaina de Mielina/análisis , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/análisis , Nervio Óptico/análisis , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Corteza Cerebral , Electroforesis Discontinua , Electroforesis en Gel de Poliacrilamida , Femenino , Microscopía Electrónica , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/aislamiento & purificación , RatasAsunto(s)
Vaina de Mielina/análisis , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/análisis , Tiburones , Animales , Encéfalo/enzimología , Cerebrósidos/análisis , Electroforesis , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental , Cobayas , Vaina de Mielina/enzimología , Sulfatasas/metabolismo , Sulfoglicoesfingolípidos/análisisAsunto(s)
Carcinoma de Ehrlich , Membrana Celular/análisis , Técnicas de Cultivo , Citoplasma/análisis , Adenosina Trifosfatasas/análisis , Animales , Movimiento Celular , Frío , Citoplasma/enzimología , ADN/análisis , Ácido Edético , Histocitoquímica , Métodos , Ratones , Microscopía Electrónica , Microscopía de Contraste de Fase , Microtúbulos , ARN/análisis , UltracentrifugaciónRESUMEN
1. A myelin-like membrane fraction was isolated from developing rat brain by a new method. 2. The chemical composition and morphology of the fraction are described. 3. The myelin-like fraction is similar to myelin in characteristic enzyme activity but differs in the absence of basic protein and cerebrosides. No similarity to other subcellular fractions was observed. 4. It is suggested that the myelin-like fraction is a stage in the formation of compact myelin from glial plasma membrane. 5. ;Early' myelin consists of the myelin-like and compact myelin fractions from developing brain.