Asunto(s)
Microbiología del Aire , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Hospitales , Aerosoles , Humanos , Espectrometría de Masas , Modelos TeóricosRESUMEN
The process of biological aerosol penetration into respiratory organs is connected with the estimation of the amount of an aspiration dose of microorganisms (D) a human gets in the center of infection. Here we submit a probabilistic model describing the process of hits of a Q fever pathogen in a human respiratory tract. This approach makes it possible to get qualitatively different probabilistic estimations of doses received and corresponding values of critical time intervals of exposure at which the amount accumulated in the respiratory tract turns into an infecting dose. This permits one to approach the explanation of the infection process in the context of the absence of its absolute nature, which is connected both with the immune system responses and the irregularity with which the recipient receives aspiration doses under conditions of artificial distribution of the microbe-bearing aerosol.
Asunto(s)
Coxiella burnetii/patogenicidad , Fiebre Q/transmisión , Aerosoles , Humanos , Inhalación , Modelos Estadísticos , ProbabilidadRESUMEN
Serum samples from 20 individuals immunized with inactivated combined vaccine (ICV) against Q fever and 10 individuals that received placebo were investigated on days 14, 21, 28 and 60 after immunization by isotope specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the presence of antibodies directed to human IgA, IgM and IgG, and their fragments (F(ab')2, Fab, Fc). None of the subjects that received placebo exhibited significant increase of reactivity with any of the used antigens. By contrast, the sera of immunized individuals tended to show increased autoantibody activity with diverse antigens. Forty % of sera of immunized subjects exhibited anti-Fab activity, 20% of the sera recognized IgA, F(ab')2- and Fc-fragments, and 15% of the sera recognized IgG and IgM. Although there was wide variation in antibody levels and in isotypic heterogeneity of autoantibodies induced by immunization, anti-Fab autoantibodies were represented mainly by IgG and IgA isotypes but not IgM isotype. A direct correlation between the anti-Coxiella burnetii (anti-C.b.) antibody level and the anti-Fab IgG activity, and between the anti-C.b. antibody level and the anti-Fab IgA activity was found. In the group of vaccinees reacting strongly to the vaccine against Q fever, this correlation significantly increased for both the anti-Fab IgG and the anti-Fab IgA activities. No correlation was found with the sera in the group of the subjects that received placebo.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Antígenos Bacterianos/inmunología , Autoanticuerpos/sangre , Vacunas Bacterianas/inmunología , Coxiella burnetii/inmunología , Fiebre Q/prevención & control , Animales , Autoinmunidad , Embrión de Pollo , Pruebas de Fijación del Complemento/métodos , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/métodos , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente Indirecta/métodos , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina A/sangre , Fragmentos Fab de Inmunoglobulinas/sangre , Fragmentos Fc de Inmunoglobulinas/sangre , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Inmunoglobulina M/sangre , Fiebre Q/inmunología , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Vacunas de Productos Inactivados/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The presence of several active foci of infection of different etiology is an indication for complex (combined) immunization against these diseases. The scheme of complex (combined) immunization against plague, cholera and yellow fever has been experimentally substantiated and successfully tested on volunteers.
Asunto(s)
Vacunas contra el Cólera/inmunología , Vacuna contra la Peste/inmunología , Cuarentena , Vacunas Virales/inmunología , Virus de la Fiebre Amarilla/inmunología , Adolescente , Adulto , Animales , Cólera/inmunología , Cólera/prevención & control , Vacunas contra el Cólera/efectos adversos , Evaluación de Medicamentos , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Cobayas , Humanos , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Papio , Peste/inmunología , Peste/prevención & control , Vacuna contra la Peste/efectos adversos , Conejos , Ratas , Vacunas Combinadas/efectos adversos , Vacunas Combinadas/inmunología , Vacunas Virales/efectos adversos , Fiebre Amarilla/inmunología , Fiebre Amarilla/prevención & controlRESUMEN
The article substantiates epidemiological expediency of complex (associated) immunization of servicemen and population against typhoid, typhus and plague in polyetiological zones of these infections, and also in cases of simultaneous proliferation of these diseases. For simultaneous preventive vaccination against these infections a complex immunization scheme was experimentally substantiated and clinically approved. It is based on national commercial vaccines and ensures a simultaneous administration of 2-3 vaccine preparations by hypodermic syringe or jet injection. Typhoid and typhus vaccines are injected under one shoulder-blade, and plague vaccine is injected under another shoulder-blade. This complex vaccine is harmless, moderately reactogenic, develops expressing immunity which have the same protective features as monovaccines alone. This scheme is recommended for use in anti-epidemic practice.
Asunto(s)
Inmunización , Vacuna contra la Peste/inmunología , Peste/prevención & control , Rickettsia prowazekii/inmunología , Vacunas contra Rickettsia/inmunología , Fiebre Tifoidea/prevención & control , Vacunas Tifoides-Paratifoides/inmunología , Tifus Epidémico Transmitido por Piojos/prevención & control , Adolescente , Adulto , Animales , Evaluación de Medicamentos , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Cobayas , Humanos , Ratones , Personal Militar , Vacuna contra la Peste/efectos adversos , Vacunas contra Rickettsia/efectos adversos , Federación de Rusia , Vacunas Tifoides-Paratifoides/efectos adversos , Vacunas Atenuadas/efectos adversos , Vacunas Atenuadas/inmunología , Vacunas Combinadas/efectos adversos , Vacunas Combinadas/inmunología , Vacunas Sintéticas/efectos adversos , Vacunas Sintéticas/inmunologíaRESUMEN
A safe, moderately reactogenic and immunologically effective scheme of complex (combined) immunization against meningitis A, diphtheria, typhoid fever, viral hepatitis A and influenza has been developed as the result of experimental and clinico-immunological studies. Depending on the epidemiological situation, the newly developed scheme can be used in two variants. According to the first variant of this scheme, the following preparations are injected subcutaneously into three different sites: a mixture of group A meningococcal vaccine and diphtheria toxoid, typhoid vaccine and influenza vaccine. The second variant of the scheme differs from its first variant in using intramuscular injection of normal human immunoglobulin instead of injection of influenza vaccine. Moreover, in practical realization these variants may be altered by excluding vaccines, unnecessary under present conditions. The newly developed scheme of vaccinal prophylaxis is recommended for practical use.
Asunto(s)
Vacunas Bacterianas/inmunología , Toxoide Diftérico/inmunología , Virus de la Hepatitis A Humana/inmunología , Hepatitis A/prevención & control , Vacunas contra la Influenza/inmunología , Gripe Humana/prevención & control , Meningitis Meningocócica/prevención & control , Neisseria meningitidis/inmunología , Fiebre Tifoidea/prevención & control , Vacunas Tifoides-Paratifoides/inmunología , Vacunas contra Hepatitis Viral/inmunología , Adulto , Animales , Vacunas Bacterianas/efectos adversos , Difteria/prevención & control , Toxoide Diftérico/efectos adversos , Evaluación de Medicamentos , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Cobayas , Humanos , Vacunas contra la Influenza/efectos adversos , Masculino , Ratones , Conejos , Factores de Tiempo , Vacunas Tifoides-Paratifoides/efectos adversos , Vacunas Combinadas/efectos adversos , Vacunas Combinadas/inmunología , Vacunas contra Hepatitis Viral/efectos adversosRESUMEN
Clinico-immunological studies on men were conducted using associated immunization by pair combinations of 8 commercial national vaccines (typhoid, plague, typhus, smallpox, tick-borne encephalitis, yellow-fever, cholera and sextaanatoxine). As for reactogenicity and immunological efficiency (serological studies), these pair associations can be subdivided into three main groups. The first group consists of pair combinations of vaccines that cannot exert any influence on immunogenicity of cause the development of frequent post-vaccination reaction or temporary disability (typhus, smallpox, tick-borne encephalitis, yellow-fever vaccines). These preparations are completely compatible in every combination. The second group includes plague and cholera vaccines that reduce its immunogenicity under the influence of more active antigens or increase its reactogenicity being associated with typhoid vaccine or sextaanatoxine. The third group is composed of typhoid vaccine and sextaanatoxine that have high reactogenicity and stable serological shifts. Associations of the first group are the most favourable for anti-epidemiological practice.
Asunto(s)
Vacunas Bacterianas/inmunología , Inmunización , Vacunas Virales/inmunología , Adolescente , Adulto , Vacunas Bacterianas/efectos adversos , Combinación de Medicamentos , Evaluación de Medicamentos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Tolerancia a Medicamentos , Humanos , Inyecciones a Chorro , Factores de Tiempo , Vacunas Virales/efectos adversosAsunto(s)
Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/tratamiento farmacológico , Aerosoles , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Virus de la Influenza A/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Ratones , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/microbiologíaAsunto(s)
Pulmón/fisiología , Respiración , Pruebas de Función Respiratoria/instrumentación , Animales , Cricetinae , Diseño de Equipo , Cobayas , ConejosRESUMEN
In this work the methods for the passive control and automatic regulation of the concentration of vaccinal aerosols in static chambers are analyzed. For such analysis, a method for the calculation of the parameters of vaccinal aerosols, taking account of the law of the distribution of particles by their sizes and of the processes of sedimentation and inactivation of microbial aerosols, has been developed. To make empirically established coefficients more precise, the necessary experimental studies have been carried out. High effectiveness of the method providing for the regulation of aerosol mass concentration has been demonstrated, and conditions necessary for effective aerosol immunization have been established.
Asunto(s)
Inmunización/métodos , Vacunas/administración & dosificación , Administración por Inhalación , Aerosoles , Humanos , Matemática , Tamaño de la PartículaRESUMEN
The present work deals with the factors affecting the accuracy of the dosage of vaccinal preparations in the aerosol immunization of animals in a dynamic chamber. The method for analysis of errors in the determination of the aspiration dose is proposed. The method is based on mathematical models describing the main parameters of aerosols and the respiratory factors of the animals, the errors of the techniques and equipment used for immunization. The errors in the determination of the dose have been shown to decrease the reliability of results obtained in the evaluation of respiratory ED50 of vaccinal preparations and to impose limits on the required number of experimental animals.
Asunto(s)
Inmunización Pasiva/métodos , Errores de Medicación , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/terapia , Aerosoles , Animales , Relación Dosis-Respuesta Inmunológica , Matemática , Nebulizadores y Vaporizadores , Vacunas/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
The formulas indicating the relationship between the magnitude of aerosol aspiration doses of the vaccine preparation and the parameters of the dispersed composition of aerosol are presented. The results of calculation of the relationship between the proportion of the particles of the respirable fraction and the median mass diameter, as well as the root-mean-square deviation of the logarithms of the diameters, are given. To ensure the high effectiveness of immunization with the vaccine preparation, the use of aerosols with the median mass diameter between 1.0 mu and 3.5 mu is shown to be expedient.