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The continuous cropping obstacle of Panax notoginseng is serious, and effective control measures are lacking. Soil disinfection with chloropicrin(CP) has been proven to be effective in reducing the obstacles to continuous cropping of other crops. In order to ascertain the effect of CP in the continuous cropping of P. notoginseng, this paper explored the influences of CP at different treatment concentrations(0,30,40,50 kg/Mu, 1 Mu≈667 m~2) on soil macro-element nutrients, soil enzyme activity, growth and development of P. notoginseng, and the accumulation of medicinal components. The results showed that CP fumigation significantly increased the content of total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and available phosphorus in the soil, but it had no significant effect on potassium content. The soil protease activity showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the prolonging of the treatment time. Both the soil urease and acid phosphatase activities showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing with the prolonging of the treatment time. The higher the CP treatment concentration was, the lower the urease and acid phosphatase activities would be in the soil. The protease activity was relatively high after CP40 treatment, which was better than CP30 and CP50 treatments in promoting the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium accumulation in P. notoginseng. The seedling survival rates after CP0, CP30, CP40, and CP50 tratments in October were 0, 65.56%, 89.44%, and 83.33%, respectively. Compared with the CP30 and CP50 treatments, CP40 treatment significantly facilitated the growth and development of P. notoginseng, the increase in fresh and dry weights, and the accumulation of root saponins. In summary, CP40 treatment accelerates the increase in soil nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients and their accumulation in P. notoginseng, elevates the seedling survival rate of P. notoginseng, enhances the growth and development of P. notoginseng, and promotes the accumulation of medicinal components. CP40 treatment is therefore recommended in production.

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OBJECTIVE@#To investigate functions of proteins and signaling pathways involved in epileptogenesis during the chronic stage of temporal lobe epilepsy in mouse models.@*METHODS@#Kainic acid-induced temporal lobe epilepsy models were conducted, when reaching stage 4 using racine scale, the mice of experimental group were supposed to be successfully established. Pentobarbital sodium was injected to stop epileptic seizure in case of death. Twenty-eight days after the kainic acid injection, when the experimental group generally turned into chronic spontaneous seizures, mice hippocampal tissues were extracted from the control and the experimental groups respectively for phosphoproteomic. Enriched phosphorylated proteins were detected using mass spectrometry, only the proteins whose density was greater than 106 were analyzed by matching the Gene Ontology (GO) database, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database and STRING database to detect proteins involved in epileptogenesis in protein functions, signaling pathways and protein-protein interaction respectively. After that, literatures were reviewed about the key proteins.@*RESULTS@#(1) Total of 12 697 phosphorylation sites of enriched proteins were detected by mass spectrometry, and there were 159 sites whose phosphorylation levels were significantly different from the control (P<0.001). (2) GO database showed that 35.7% of the 159 sites were about "catalytic activity", 39.5% were about "binding" and 20.8% were about "cell communication", and the 159 proteins also participated in many biological processes, such as "primary metabolic process" "response to stimulus" "developmental process" "localization" and "phosphate-containing compound metabolic process". (3) KEGG database showed that the 159 protein sites mainly involved in 10 signaling pathways: glutamatergic synapse, Ras signaling pathway, African trypanosomiasis, Cocaine addiction, Circadian entrainment, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Long-term potentiation, Endocytosis, Gap junction, Nicotine addiction. (4) STRING database showed that the protein-protein interaction network formed by the 159 proteins was focused on Grin1/Dlg3, Arhgef 2/Arhgap33/Tiam1 and Sptnb1/3/4/Add3/Ank2 protein group respectively. (5) Phosphorylation levels of Grin1, Arhgef 2, Arhgap33, Tiam1, Sptbn1/2/4 and Ank2 in experimental group were significantly higher than in the control (P<0.001).@*CONCLUSION@#Phosphoproteomic illustrated integral distribution of phosphorylated proteins at the chronic stage of temporal lobe epilepsy in the mouse model. Literatures showed that most key proteins were closely related to epileptogenesis, suggesting that some proteins or signaling pathways may play a role in epileptogenesis, such as dopamine and Kir3.1.

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Depleted uranium (DU) has been widely applied in industrial and military activities, and is often obtained from producing fuel for nuclear reactors. DU may be released into the environment, polluting air, soil, and water, and is considered to exert both radiological and chemical toxicity. In humans and animals, DU can induce multiple health effects, such as renal tubular necrosis and bone malignancies. This review summarizes the known information on DU's routes of entry, mechanisms of toxicity, and health effects. In addition, we survey the chelating agents used in ameliorating DU toxicity.

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With the rapid development of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in China as well as the implementation of the four most strict requirements, the quality of Chinese medicinal materials and decoction pieces had beem improved in recent years, however new problems and challenges were occurred. All the data of Chinese medicinal materials and decoction piece in special inspection,supervision test and evaluation inspection of drug administration department to were summarized and analyzed evaluate and analyze of the quality of Chinese medicinal materials and decoction pieces in 2017. On this basis, the relevant quality control strategies and suggestions were put forward for the relevant departments of China Food and Drug Administration to formulate and implement regulatory measures, furthermore to improve drug standards, and ensure the safety of medication.

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OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the correlation of the monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) A-2518G polymorphism with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and vascular complications in T2DM, to aid in understanding its role in pathogenesis. METHODS: A total of 150 T2DM patients and 50 healthy controls (group A) were enrolled. The T2DM patients were divided into three groups based on the absence of complications (group B) presence of microvascular disease (group C) or macrovascular disease (group D). DNA of all enrolled subjects was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) for the MCP-1 A-2518G polymorphism. Serum MCP-1 levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Participants in group D had increased serum MCP-1 levels relative to group B, group C, and group A (all p<0.01). Compared with group A, the frequencies of the MCP-1 A-2518G G/G genotype and G allele were significantly higher in group C and group D (all p<0.05). In contrast to group B, group C had higher frequencies of the G/G genotype and G allele, while group D had higher G allele frequencies (all p<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that lower body-mass index (BMI) and free cholesterol (FC), as well as higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels may be the protective factors for T2DM, while higher levels of triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and G/G genotype frequency were independent risk factors for T2DM. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicates a correlation between the MCP-1 A-2518G polymorphism with macrovascular complications in T2DM patients; lower BMI and FC, as well as higher HDL-C levels may be the protective factors for T2DM, while higher levels of TG, LDL-C, and G/G genotype frequency were independent risk factors for T2DM.

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OBJECTIVE: To establish an analysis method for identification of gelatine ingredients in Chinese patent medicines. METHODS: Trypsin was used for hydrolysis of gelatins. The characteristic getalins analyses were identified by rapid resolution liquid chromatography (RRLC) coupled to triple quadruple mass spectrometry (QQQ-MS). Trypsin was used for hydrolysis of gelatins. RESULTS: The established present method was specific, precise and reliable. Gelatine ingredients as prescribed wereas detected for several samples. However, instead of gelatin ingredients as prescribed, unprescribed gelatine ingredients were as detected for some samples. CONCLUSION: The methodology validation is performed and the results are satisfied. The method can be used for identification of donkey-hide gelatin, oxhide gelatin, deer-horn glue and tortoise-shell glue in Chinese patent medicines, and provides a scientific reference for the study of quality control method of gelatin ingredients in Chinese Patent Medicines.

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Objective To numerically simulate the motion characteristics of red cells in shear flow, so as to provide theoretical references for exploring pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and conducting experimental studies of blood circulation. Methods The hyper-elastic model of red cells with membrane thickness was established. Based on feedback force method and finite element immersed boundary method, the deformation and motion of red cells in shear flow were simulated. The solid was defined as being hyper-elastic and solved by finite element method, while the fluid was defined as incompressible Newton fluid and solved by finite difference method. Results The tank tread-like motion characteristics of red cells in shear flow were gained by numerical simulation. The simulation results in the study were consistent with the results in the literature, which validated the reliability of the proposed method in the study. Conclusions The immersed boundary method adopted in the study shows obvious advantage in solving the large deformation problem by preferably demonstrating the whole process of red cell deformation in shear flow.

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<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>About 50% of the cerebral ischemia events are induced by intracranial and extracranial atherosclerosis. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy for displaying atherosclerotic plaques in carotid arteries and analyzing their ingredients by using high-resolution new magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally, 49 patients suspected of extracranial carotid artery stenosis were subjected to cranial MRI scan and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) examination on carotid arteries, and high-resolution bright-blood and black-blood MRI analysis was carried out within 1 week. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) examination was carried out for 16 patients within 1 month.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Totally, 103 plaques were detected in the 49 patients, which were characterized by localized or diffusive thickening of the vessel wall, with the intrusion of crescent-shaped abnormal signal into lumens. Fibrous cap was displayed as isointensity in T1-weighted image (T1WI) and hyperintensities in proton density weighted image (PDWI) and T2-weighted image (T2WI), lipid core was displayed as isointensity or slight hyperintensities in T1WI, isointensity, hyperintensities or hypointensity in PDWI, and hypointensity in T2WI. Calcification in plaques was detected in 11 patients. Eight patients were detected with irregular plaque surface or ulcerative plaques, which were characterized by irregular intravascular space surface in the black-blood sequences, black hypointensity band was not detected in three-dimensional time-of-flight, or the hypointensity band was not continuous, and intrusion of hyperintensities into plaques can be detected. Bright-blood and black-blood techniques were highly correlated with the diagnosis of contrast-enhanced MRA in angiostenosis degree, Rs = 0.97, P < 0.001. In comparison to DSA, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of MRI diagnosis of stenosis for ≥50% were 88.9%, 100%, and 97.9%, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>High-resolution bright-blood and black-blood sequential MRI analysis can accurately analyze ingredients in atherosclerotic plaques. Determined by DSA, MRI diagnosis of stenosis can correctly evaluate the serious degree of arteriostenosis.</p>

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The paper is aimed to establish a methods for identication of pearl powder and conch powder from different origins. Hermetic aluminum pan was used to encapsulate samples. The optimal testing conditions were: heating rate 10 degrees C x min(-1), sample weight 3 mg and nitrogen gas flow rate 40 mL x min(-1). The enthalpy values of pearl powder and conch powder was obvious different. Identication of pearl powder and conch powder by DSC is a practical method for its accuracy, convenience and practificality.

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This study evaluates the efficacy of dual Willis covered stents for the treatment of large fusiform carotid aneurysms in a canine model. Carotid fusiform aneurysms >10 mm long were surgically created in 10 dogs and were then repaired using either single or dual covered stents. Clinical results were assessed by scheduled angiography and histological features by light and electron microscopy. Angiography immediately post-op and 6 months after surgery revealed aneurysm isolation rates of 60 and 20% for the single stent technique and 60 and 100% for the dual stent technique, respectively. The rate of complete obliteration of the aneurysm sac differed significantly between treatments (P = 0.048). The dual stent technique also resulted in greater endothelialization. For large carotid fusiform aneurysms in a canine model, endovascular repair using dual Willis covered stents is technically feasible and more effectively obliterates the aneurysm sac than the use of a single stent.

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AIM: The azygous anterior cerebral artery (Az) is a rarely observed anomaly of the anterior cerebral artery, and its associated aneurysm is even rarer. Our aim was to evaluate 3-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (3-D-TOF MRA) in the diagnosis of Az and associated aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three thousand five hundred seventy-two consecutive patients underwent 3-D-TOF MRA at 3.0 T. Postprocessing techniques, including volume rendering (VR) and single artery highlighting, were performed by a 3-D specialist. All MRA data and clinical information were recorded and stored in a database for further analysis. RESULTS: Fourteen patients (.39%) were identified as having an Az. Among these cases, 3 males (21.43%) had an aneurysm located at the distal bifurcation of the Az, with a mean size of 9.43 ± 3.33 mm. In MRA, the common trunk of the Az was slightly larger in diameter than the A1 segment (2.62 ± .35 mm vs. 2.54 ± .35 mm; P = .008). CONCLUSIONS: With the VR technique, 3-D-TOF MRA is feasible and valuable in detecting an Az and associated aneurysm. Our MRA-based study has proved that the Az is a rare anomaly but has a relatively high incidence of associated aneurysms.

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Glucocorticosteroid-induced osteoporosis is the most frequent of all secondary types of osteoporosis, and can increase the risk of vertebral compression fractures (VCFs). There are promising additions to current medical treatment for appropriately selected osteoporotic patients. Few studies have reported on the efficiency of percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) or kyphoplasty for whole thoracic and lumbar glucocorticosteroid-induced osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. We report a case of a 67-year-old man with intractable pain caused by successional VCFs treated by PVP.

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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the safety of artificial musk by determining its content of five hazard heavy metals.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The contents of Pb, Cd,As,Hg,and Cu in artificial musk were detected using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The contents of Pb,Cd,As,Hg,and Cu was less than 0.35,0.05,0.30,0.20,and 4.50 mg/kg in artificial musk.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Artificial musk has low contents of heavy metals and therefore meets the safety and quality requirments.</p>

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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the molecular characterization of full-length genome of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotype V.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The full-length nucleotide sequences of JEV strains isolated from different locations and sources were used in sequence and phylogenetic analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The full-length genome of genotypes V JEV, XZ0934, and Muar strain were composed of 10 983 and 10 988 nucleotides respectively and shared a lower level of identity with JEV genotypes I-IV, ranging from 78.4% (G I, KV1899) to 79.7% (G III, JaGAr01), for the nucleotide sequences, and from 90.0% (G I, KV1899) to 91.8% (G III, JaGAr01) for the amino acid sequences. The open reading frame (ORF) of JEV genotype V spanned nucleotides 96 to 10 397 and encoded 3 433 amino acids. Interestingly, a comparison with JEV genotype I-IV revealed that 3 nucleotides (encoded with a serine residue) were inserted in the NS4A gene of JEV genotype V, and the insertion of nucleotides was also found in downstream of the ORF stop codon in 3'-untranslated region. Moreover, numerous amino acid mutations were observed in 3 functional domains of the E gene of JEV genotype V.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The molecular characterization of JEV genotype V is significantly different from that of the known genotypes I-IV. The mutations located in the coding region and the non-coding region may be molecular markers of JEV genotype V and warrant further studies to determine their effects on biology and immunogenicity of genotype V strains.</p>

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Objective To explore the effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on expressions oftyrosine kinase B (TrkB) and endogenous BDNF by infusing it into lateral ventricle of the APP/PS1 double transgenic Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice.Methods Ten 10-month-old APP/PS1 transgenic mice were randomly divided into two groups:one group receiving BDNF infusion (BDNF group) and the other receiving phosphate buffer solution (PBS) (PBS group,positive control group);treatments were given twice a week for 6 weeks.The negative control group included 5 wild type (WT) mice not receiving any treatment.The changes of Aβ plaques and the expressions of TrkB and BDNF in the cortical regions of mice were detected by fluorescent immunohistochemical staining,and the number of compact of Aβ plaques was counted by thioflavin staining.Results (1) No significant differences in the total number of Aβ plaques between BDNF group and PBS group before and after infusion (before infusion:101.58±7.86 in BDNF group,97.23±11.62 in PBS group,t=0.695,P=0.509; after infusion:102.83±8.22 in BDNF group,103.6±6.46 in PBS group,t=-0.171,P=0.869) were noted.The diameter of Aβ plaques reduced and the number of TS+ plaques decreased in the BDNF group six weeks after treatment (34.65±9.33,51.70±4.18) as compared with those in the PBS group (46.17±10.16,58.85± 7.55) with significant differences (t=-2.401,-2.536; P=0.047,0.039,respectively).(2) Enhanced expressions of TrkB and BDNF protein in the BDNF group after treatment was observed as compared with that before treatment.Conclusion BDNF lateral ventricle infusion could reduce the diameter of Aβ plaques and number of compact plaques,which further alleviates Aβ toxic effects on neurons and promotes the expression of TrkB and endogenous BDNF in cortical areas; these changes can alleviate the symptoms of AD.

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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the epidemiologic characteristics of dengue fever, imported from Myanmar to the border of Yunnan province, China. Viral molecular epidemiologic features were also studied.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Questionnaires were used on each diagnosed, suspected dengue fever, case or unknown cases with fever when coming from Myanmar entering the port and hospitals in Ruili city of Yunnan province. Serum samples of these patients were collected to detect IgM antibody against dengue virus and RT-PCR assay. Homology and phylogenetic tree based on the whole nucleotide sequence of PrM-C and NS5 gene of dengue virus were further analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 103 sera were collected from patients at acute stage in Ruili city in July to November 2008. Among them, 49 cases were confirmed for dengue fever according to IgM and nucleic acid testings. Except one, other 48 cases were all imported into Ruili, from Myanmar. Of those, 18 patients were residents from Mujie city of Myanmar and hospitalized in Ruili and the rest 30 patients were Chinese citizens who had finished business and returned from Myanmar. Two isolates of serum samples from the imported cases were identified and both homology and phylogenetic analysis were performed, using the nucleotide sequences of PrM and NS5 genes. They were divided into dengue type 1 (RLB61) and dengue type 3 (RLC31) and were closer to the dengue virus strains isolated from Southeast Asia countries.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>It is confirmed that an epidemic of dengue fever which was imported from Myanmar to Ruili city of Yunnan province, China. Evidence also showed that both type I and III epidemic strains of dengue virus did exist in Mujie city of Myanmar in 2008.</p>

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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the anti-fatigue mechanism of salidroside from Rhodiola SachalinensisA.Bor (SRS)in anti-oxidation and energy metabolic systems in mice , some related indexes of free radical and energy metabolism after exercise were measured.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty male mice were divided into four groups (n = 10): SRS sport group(SS), SRS quiet group(SQ),sport control group(SC), quiet control group (QC). The mice of SS and SQ groups received SRS solution of 150 ml/kg body weight per day for two weeks, while the mice of SC and QC groups received the same volume of distilled water. 30 min after the last treatment, the mice of SS and SC groups were forced to swim for 120 min without loads. then the biochemical parameters related to fatigue were determined.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>SRS could increase liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) , glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduce the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, which might increase the body activity of antioxidant enzymes to play the role of anti-oxidation; SRS had some effect of stabilizing blood sugar, increasing liver glycogen and muscle glycogen reserves, preventing blood sugar, liver glycogen and muscle glycogen levels from reducing in long time exercise on mice; SRS could increase plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and free fatty acid (FFA) levels in exercise mice, and it had some effect on metabolism of fat under different conditions, and promoted the use of the role of fat.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Influence of SRS on some related indexes of free radical and energy metabolism is one of the mechanisms of anti-exercise-induced fatigue of SRS.</p>

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To conduct sequencing of full-length genomes of two Japanese encephalitis virus strains (JEV) newly isolated in 2009 in China and analyze the characteristics of complete nucleotide sequences. The complete genomic sequences were obtained by RT-PCR and sequencing directly. Bioinformatics was used to analyze the nucleic acid data, deduced amino acid sequence and phylogenetic trees. The result of sequence analysis showed that the genomes of YN0911 and YN0967 strains were both 10965nt in length, which coded 3432 amino acid polyprotein. The homology of genome ranged from 83.3% to 98.9% in nt and from 94.8% to 99.7% in aa, respectively, when compared with selected JEV strains in GenBank. There were 13 amino acid divergences which were not the key virulence sites in E protein when compared with vaccine strain SA14-14-2. There were 11nt deletions in the 3' UTR region. Phylogenetic analyses based on C/ PrM, E gene and full-length genome all showed that YN0911 and YN0967 strains belonged to genotype I. The result also showed that two new JEVs had close phylogenetic relationship with the strains from Viet Nam, Sichuan Province, Guizhou Province, Guangxi Province, China. This study indicated that JEV strains newly isolated in 2009 in China were the members of JEV genotype I. The key virulence sites in E protein did not change.

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Objective To evaluate the feasibility, safety and efficacy of intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy on elderly patients (≥ 80 years old) with acute ischemic stroke. Methods The clinical data of 86 patients with acute ischemic stroke, received intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy, were retrospectively analyzed; according to age differences, these patients were divided into advanced age group (≥80 years old, n=21) and common age group (<80 years old, n=65); and control group (≥80 years old, not receiving thrombolytic therapy, n=50) was established. The recanalization rate and early clinical improvement rate, and the incidence, recover rate and death rate of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage were evaluated in these patients after treatment. Results No significant differences in the favorite recanalization rate and short-term outcome, and the incidence of symptom intracranial hemorrhage were noted between the advanced age group and common age group (P=0.528, P=0.102,P=0.353). The incidence of symptom intracranial hemorrhage in the advanced age group was obviously higher than that in the control group (P=0.034); the recover rate of symptom ntracranial hemorrhage in the advanced age group (42.9%) was obviously lower than that in the common age group (50.8%), but significantly higher than that in the control group (16%, P=0.042, P=0.017). The mortality of the advanced age group was similar to that of the control group (23.8% versus 28%, P=0.816), but higher than that of common age group (23.8% versus 10.8%, P=0.034). Conclusion Relatively high feasibility, safety and efficacy of intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy are noted in elderly patients (≥80 years old) with acute ischemic stroke, demonstrating that the use of intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy in very elderly patients should not be avoided but pursued advisably.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy, safety and primary follow-up results of a guidewire looping technique for the treatment of infrapopliteal arteries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From October 2006 to May 2008, an intraluminal angioplasty of the infrapopliteal arteries was attempted in 200 consecutive patients. Altogether, 417 infrapopliteal lesions, with lengths varying from 2 cm to 32 cm, were treated as part of this study, including 305 lesions in the anterior tibial arteries, 89 in the posterior tibial arteries, and 23 in the peroneal arteries. The 'U'-shaped guidewire technique was attempted in 393 lesions from 361 limbs. The tip of a hydrophilic 0.035-inch guidewire was formed into a 'U' shape with the aid of a 4-Fr catheter and collateral branch vessel to recanalize the completely occluded long segment lesions. RESULTS: A successful angioplasty with at least one artery recanalized directly to the malleolar or dorsal foot was achieved in 322 limbs (89%). The looping technique had a success rate of 90% (352 of 393 lesions). After the procedure, the rest pain was relieved in 58 of 69 patients, while 207 of 245 limbs (85%) showed improvement for intermittent claudication. Complete wound healing was noted in 21 of 54 patients, while 20 of 54 patients showed an improvement in the wound size or depth. A total of 38 major immediate procedure-related complications were noted, including retroperitoneal hematoma, distal emboli, and vessel rupture. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggests that the guidewire looping technique is a safe and effective method for the recanalization of the occluded lesions in infrapopliteal vessels.

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