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PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between urodynamic study (UDS) data and recovery of urinary incontinence (UI) in elderly patients who underwent robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-five prostate cancer (PCa) patients received UDS before and at 3 months after RARP. They were divided into two groups; a younger group (<70 years old, n = 47) and older group (≥70 years, n = 28), and each was classified according to urinary continence (UC) or UI at 3 months post-RARP. Continence was defined as being pad-free or 1-safety pad usage per day. RESULTS: In the older group, preoperative maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP) in the UI group was significantly lower than that in the UC group. Detrusor overactivity (DO) rate was significantly higher in the older UI group than in the older UC group at both pre- and 3 months post-RARP. Persistent DO rate pre- and post-RARP was significantly higher in the older group than in the younger group. Regardless of age, postoperative DO was an independent predictor of UI 6 months post-RARP. CONCLUSIONS: In elderly patients, low preoperative MUCP and both pre- and postoperative DO are associated with postoperative UI.

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Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is a promising medical technology that delivers oxygen to targeted tissues at high pressure to increase the amount of dissolved oxygen in the blood. Over the past three decades, hyperbaric oxygen has been used in a variety of conditions, including radiation-induced tissue injuries, non-healing states with ischemia and malignant neoplasms. In the field of urology, hyperbaric oxygen has also been applied to some pathological conditions (e.g. radiation-induced hemorrhagic cystitis, Fournier gangrene, interstitial cystitis, male infertility, acute kidney injury and urological cancers). In normal and injured tissues, hyperoxia from hyperbaric oxygen therapy contributes to anti-inflammation, angiogenesis through endothelial proliferation, enhanced fibroblastic activity, increased lymphocyte and macrophage activity, and bactericidal effects with the aim of wound repair. In cancerous tissues, the enhanced supply of oxygen into the hypoxic cancer cells can exert inhibitory effects on factors that contribute to their aggressiveness (e.g. cell survival, escape from apoptosis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and tumor immunotolerance), and sensitize the tumor to radiation therapy and chemotherapy. However, further research, including multicenter clinical studies, is essential for determining the role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in refractory urological diseases that are resistant to conventional therapies.

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AIM: To investigate whether hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) is effective for the pathophysiological findings in an IC/PBS-like mouse model induced by intravesical hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ). METHODS: Six-week-old ICR female mice (N = 16) were divided into four experimental groups: (1) sham control with intravesical vehicle instillation twice, and without subsequent treatment (N = 4); (2) H2 O2 instillation twice, followed by HBO (100% O2 , 2 ATA, 30 min per session) (N = 4); (3) H2 O2 instillation twice, followed by dummy hyperbaric treatment (air, 2ATA, 30 min per session) (N = 4); and (4) H2 O2 instillation twice, followed by no treatment (N = 4). Body weight, voiding frequency, tidal voiding volume, and individual bladder pain threshold using the von-Frey test were measured. Whole body uptake of an inflammation-specific fluorescent pan-cathepsin was assessed by an in vivo imaging. Immunohistochemical staining and the mRNA expression of several biomarkers associated with chronic inflammation in resected bladders were evaluated. RESULTS: The HBO-treated group showed significant improvement in voiding frequency, tidal voiding volume, and the individual bladder pain threshold. Moreover, HBO markedly suppressed H2 O2 -induced inflammation, edema, and fibrosis in bladder wall, concomitant with a significant decrease in mRNA expressions of inflammation biomarkers and a significant increase in endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression. HBO also inhibited the expression of transient receptor potential channels induced by H2 O2 instillation. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that HBO contributes to elimination of H2 O2 -induced long-lasting cystitis through the repair of chronically inflamed bladder tissue and inhibition of the bladder sensory system.

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AIM: To investigate whether urine levels of miRNAs that regulate the function of endothelial cells are associated with effectiveness in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients treated with a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, tadalafil. PATIENTS & METHODS: We measured urine levels of three miRNAs (miR-21-5p, miR-126-5p & miR-155-5p) in 55 BPH patients before and after tadalafil administration to understand its effectiveness. RESULTS: Baseline urine miR-21-5p level was an independent predictor of response to tadalafil in multivariate regression analysis (odds ratio: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.10-0.77; p = 0.014). Receiver operator curve analysis revealed that baseline urine miR-21-5p could serve as a predictor of response (area under curve: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.75-0.95; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Urine miR-21-5p could serve as a biomarker in predicting response of tadalafil for BPH.