RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: This study investigated the effect of a calcium hydroxide (CH) paste (CleaniCal®) containing N-2-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) as a vehicle on Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) biofilms compared with other products containing saline (Calasept Plus™) or propylene glycol (PG) (Calcipex II®). METHODOLOGY: Standardized bovine root canal specimens were used. The antibacterial effects were measured by colony-forming unit counting. The thickness of bacterial microcolonies and exopolysaccharides was assessed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Morphological features of the biofilms were observed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Bovine tooth blocks covered with nail polish were immersed into the vehicles and dispelling was observed. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests (p<0.05). RESULTS: CleaniCal® showed the highest antibacterial activity, followed by Calcipex II® (p<0.05). Moreover, NMP showed a higher antibacterial effect compared with PG (p<0.05). The thickness of bacteria and EPS in the CleaniCal® group was significantly lower than that of other materials tested (p<0.05). FE-SEM images showed the specimens treated with Calasept Plus™ were covered with biofilms, whereas the specimens treated with other medicaments were not. Notably, the specimen treated with CleaniCal® was cleaner than the one treated with Calcipex II®. Furthermore, the nail polish on the bovine tooth block immersed in NMP was completely dispelled. CONCLUSIONS: CleaniCal® performed better than Calasept Plus™ and Calcipex II® in the removal efficacy of E. faecalis biofilms. The results suggest the effect might be due to the potent dissolving effect of NMP on organic substances.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Hidróxido de Calcio/farmacología , Enterococcus faecalis/efectos de los fármacos , Pirrolidinonas/farmacología , Irrigantes del Conducto Radicular/farmacología , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Cloruro de Calcio/química , Cloruro de Calcio/farmacología , Hidróxido de Calcio/química , Bovinos , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Combinación de Medicamentos , Ensayo de Materiales , Microscopía Confocal , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Cloruro de Potasio/química , Cloruro de Potasio/farmacología , Pirrolidinonas/química , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Irrigantes del Conducto Radicular/química , Bicarbonato de Sodio/química , Bicarbonato de Sodio/farmacología , Cloruro de Sodio/química , Cloruro de Sodio/farmacología , Estadísticas no ParamétricasRESUMEN
Abstract This study investigated the effect of a calcium hydroxide (CH) paste (CleaniCal®) containing N-2-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) as a vehicle on Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) biofilms compared with other products containing saline (Calasept Plus™) or propylene glycol (PG) (Calcipex II®). Methodology Standardized bovine root canal specimens were used. The antibacterial effects were measured by colony-forming unit counting. The thickness of bacterial microcolonies and exopolysaccharides was assessed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Morphological features of the biofilms were observed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Bovine tooth blocks covered with nail polish were immersed into the vehicles and dispelling was observed. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests (p<0.05). Results CleaniCal® showed the highest antibacterial activity, followed by Calcipex II® (p<0.05). Moreover, NMP showed a higher antibacterial effect compared with PG (p<0.05). The thickness of bacteria and EPS in the CleaniCal® group was significantly lower than that of other materials tested (p<0.05). FE-SEM images showed the specimens treated with Calasept Plus™ were covered with biofilms, whereas the specimens treated with other medicaments were not. Notably, the specimen treated with CleaniCal® was cleaner than the one treated with Calcipex II®. Furthermore, the nail polish on the bovine tooth block immersed in NMP was completely dispelled. Conclusions CleaniCal® performed better than Calasept Plus™ and Calcipex II® in the removal efficacy of E. faecalis biofilms. The results suggest the effect might be due to the potent dissolving effect of NMP on organic substances.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Bovinos , Pirrolidinonas/farmacología , Irrigantes del Conducto Radicular/farmacología , Hidróxido de Calcio/farmacología , Enterococcus faecalis/efectos de los fármacos , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Cloruro de Potasio/farmacología , Cloruro de Potasio/química , Pirrolidinonas/química , Irrigantes del Conducto Radicular/química , Ensayo de Materiales , Cloruro de Calcio/farmacología , Cloruro de Calcio/química , Hidróxido de Calcio/química , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Cloruro de Sodio/farmacología , Cloruro de Sodio/química , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Análisis de Varianza , Bicarbonato de Sodio/farmacología , Bicarbonato de Sodio/química , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Microscopía Confocal , Combinación de MedicamentosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the role of extracellular deoxyribonucleic acid (eDNA) on Enterococcus faecalis ( E. faecalis ) biofilm and the susceptibility of E. faecalis to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). METHODOLOGY: E. faecalis biofilm was formed in bovine tooth specimens and the biofilm was cultured with or without deoxyribonuclease (DNase), an inhibitor of eDNA. Then, the role of eDNA in E. faecalis growth and biofilm formation was investigated using colony forming unit (CFUs) counting, eDNA level assay, crystal violet staining, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The susceptibility of E. faecalis biofilm to low (0.5%) or high (5%) NaOCl concentrations was also analyzed by CFU counting. RESULTS: CFUs and biofilm formation decreased significantly with DNase treatment (p<0.05). The microstructure of DNase-treated biofilms exhibited less structured features when compared to the control. The volume of exopolysaccharides in the DNase-treated biofilm was significantly lower than that of control (p<0.05). Moreover, the CFUs, eDNA level, biofilm formation, and exopolysaccharides volume were lower when the biofilm was treated with DNase de novo when compared to when DNase was applied to matured biofilm (p<0.05). E. faecalis in the biofilm was more susceptible to NaOCl when it was cultured with DNase (p<0.05). Furthermore, 0.5% NaOCl combined with DNase treatment was as efficient as 5% NaOCl alone regarding susceptibility (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition of eDNA leads to decrease of E. faecalis biofilm formation and increase of susceptibility of E. faecalis to NaOCl even at low concentrations. Therefore, our results suggest that inhibition of eDNA would be beneficial in facilitating the efficacy of NaOCl and reducing its concentration.
Asunto(s)
Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Biopelículas/crecimiento & desarrollo , ADN Bacteriano/farmacología , Desoxirribonucleasas/farmacología , Enterococcus faecalis/efectos de los fármacos , Enterococcus faecalis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hipoclorito de Sodio/farmacología , Animales , Bovinos , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Cavidad Pulpar/microbiología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Microscopía Confocal , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Polisacáridos Bacterianos/aislamiento & purificación , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effects of dodecacalcium hepta-aluminate (C12A7) content on some physicochemical properties and cytocompatibility of tricalcium silicate (C3S) cement using human dental pulp cells (hDPCs). MATERIAL AND METHODS: High purity C3S cement was manufactured by a solid phase method. C12A7 was mixed with the cement in proportions of 0, 5, 8, and 10 wt% (C12A7-0, -5, -8, and -10, respectively). Physicochemical properties including initial setting time, compressive strength, and alkalinity were evaluated. Cytocompatibility was assessed with cell viability tests and cell number counts. Statistical analysis was performed by using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test (p<0.05). RESULTS: The initial setting time of C3S-based cement was shorter in the presence of C12A7 (p<0.05). After 1 day, C12A7-5 showed significantly higher compressive strength than the other groups (p<0.05). After 7 days, the compressive strength of C12A7-5 was similar to that of C12A7-0, whereas other groups showed strength lower than C12A7-0. The pH values of all tested groups showed no significant differences after 1 day (p>0.05). The C12A7-5 group showed similar cell viability to the C12A7-0 group (p>0.05), while the other experimental groups showed lower values compared to C12A7-0 group (p<0.05). The number of cells grown on the C12A7-5 specimen was higher than that on C12A7-8 and -10 (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of C12A7 to C3S cement at a proportion of 5% resulted in rapid initial setting time and higher compressive strength with no adverse effects on cytocompatibility.
Asunto(s)
Compuestos de Aluminio/química , Compuestos de Calcio/química , Cementos Dentales/química , Cavidad Pulpar/citología , Silicatos/química , Compuestos de Aluminio/farmacología , Materiales Biocompatibles/química , Materiales Biocompatibles/farmacología , Compuestos de Calcio/farmacología , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Fuerza Compresiva , Cementos Dentales/farmacología , Cavidad Pulpar/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Ensayo de Materiales , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Tamaño de la Partícula , Valores de Referencia , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Silicatos/farmacología , Factores de Tiempo , Difracción de Rayos XRESUMEN
Abstract Objective This study investigated the role of extracellular deoxyribonucleic acid (eDNA) on Enterococcus faecalis ( E. faecalis ) biofilm and the susceptibility of E. faecalis to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Methodology E. faecalis biofilm was formed in bovine tooth specimens and the biofilm was cultured with or without deoxyribonuclease (DNase), an inhibitor of eDNA. Then, the role of eDNA in E. faecalis growth and biofilm formation was investigated using colony forming unit (CFUs) counting, eDNA level assay, crystal violet staining, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The susceptibility of E. faecalis biofilm to low (0.5%) or high (5%) NaOCl concentrations was also analyzed by CFU counting. Results CFUs and biofilm formation decreased significantly with DNase treatment (p<0.05). The microstructure of DNase-treated biofilms exhibited less structured features when compared to the control. The volume of exopolysaccharides in the DNase-treated biofilm was significantly lower than that of control (p<0.05). Moreover, the CFUs, eDNA level, biofilm formation, and exopolysaccharides volume were lower when the biofilm was treated with DNase de novo when compared to when DNase was applied to matured biofilm (p<0.05). E. faecalis in the biofilm was more susceptible to NaOCl when it was cultured with DNase (p<0.05). Furthermore, 0.5% NaOCl combined with DNase treatment was as efficient as 5% NaOCl alone regarding susceptibility (p>0.05). Conclusions Inhibition of eDNA leads to decrease of E. faecalis biofilm formation and increase of susceptibility of E. faecalis to NaOCl even at low concentrations. Therefore, our results suggest that inhibition of eDNA would be beneficial in facilitating the efficacy of NaOCl and reducing its concentration.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Bovinos , Hipoclorito de Sodio/farmacología , ADN Bacteriano/farmacología , Enterococcus faecalis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Enterococcus faecalis/efectos de los fármacos , Biopelículas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Desoxirribonucleasas/farmacología , Polisacáridos Bacterianos/aislamiento & purificación , Factores de Tiempo , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Microscopía Confocal , Cavidad Pulpar/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Abstract Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of dodecacalcium hepta-aluminate (C12A7) content on some physicochemical properties and cytocompatibility of tricalcium silicate (C3S) cement using human dental pulp cells (hDPCs). Material and Methods High purity C3S cement was manufactured by a solid phase method. C12A7 was mixed with the cement in proportions of 0, 5, 8, and 10 wt% (C12A7-0, −5, −8, and −10, respectively). Physicochemical properties including initial setting time, compressive strength, and alkalinity were evaluated. Cytocompatibility was assessed with cell viability tests and cell number counts. Statistical analysis was performed by using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test (p<0.05). Results The initial setting time of C3S-based cement was shorter in the presence of C12A7 (p<0.05). After 1 day, C12A7-5 showed significantly higher compressive strength than the other groups (p<0.05). After 7 days, the compressive strength of C12A7-5 was similar to that of C12A7-0, whereas other groups showed strength lower than C12A7-0. The pH values of all tested groups showed no significant differences after 1 day (p>0.05). The C12A7-5 group showed similar cell viability to the C12A7-0 group (p>0.05), while the other experimental groups showed lower values compared to C12A7-0 group (p<0.05). The number of cells grown on the C12A7-5 specimen was higher than that on C12A7-8 and −10 (p<0.05). Conclusions The addition of C12A7 to C3S cement at a proportion of 5% resulted in rapid initial setting time and higher compressive strength with no adverse effects on cytocompatibility.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Silicatos/química , Compuestos de Calcio/química , Compuestos de Aluminio/química , Cementos Dentales/química , Cavidad Pulpar/citología , Tamaño de la Partícula , Valores de Referencia , Factores de Tiempo , Difracción de Rayos X , Materiales Biocompatibles/farmacología , Materiales Biocompatibles/química , Ensayo de Materiales , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Silicatos/farmacología , Compuestos de Calcio/farmacología , Compuestos de Aluminio/farmacología , Fuerza Compresiva , Cementos Dentales/farmacología , Cavidad Pulpar/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the biological effects of epicatechin (ECN), a crosslinking agent, on human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) cultured in collagen scaffolds. MATERIAL AND METHOD: To evaluate the effects of ECN on the proliferation of hDPCs, cell counting was performed using optical and fluorescent microscopy. Measurements of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, alizarin red staining, and real-time polymerase chain reactions were performed to assess odontogenic differentiation. The compressive strength and setting time of collagen scaffolds containing ECN were measured. Differential scanning calorimetry was performed to analyze the thermal behavior of collagen in the presence of ECN. RESULTS: Epicatechin increased ALP activity, mineralized nodule formation, and the mRNA expression of dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a specific odontogenic-related marker. Furthermore, ECN upregulated the expression of DSPP in hDPCs cultured in collagen scaffolds. Epicatechin activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and the treatment with an ERK inhibitor (U0126) blocked the expression of DSPP. The compressive strength was increased and the setting time was shortened in a dose-dependent manner. The number of cells cultured in the ECN-treated collagen scaffolds was significantly increased compared to the cells in the untreated control group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results revealed that ECN promoted the proliferation and differentiation of hDPCs. Furthermore, the differentiation was regulated by the ERK signaling pathway. Changes in mechanical properties are related to cell fate, including proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, our study suggests the ECN treatment might be desirable for dentin-pulp complex regeneration.
Asunto(s)
Catequina/farmacología , Colágeno/farmacología , Reactivos de Enlaces Cruzados/farmacología , Pulpa Dental/citología , Pulpa Dental/efectos de los fármacos , Andamios del Tejido/química , Fosfatasa Alcalina/análisis , Análisis de Varianza , Western Blotting , Rastreo Diferencial de Calorimetría , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Quinasas MAP Reguladas por Señal Extracelular/análisis , Expresión Génica , Humanos , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the biological effects of epicatechin (ECN), a crosslinking agent, on human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) cultured in collagen scaffolds. Material and Method To evaluate the effects of ECN on the proliferation of hDPCs, cell counting was performed using optical and fluorescent microscopy. Measurements of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, alizarin red staining, and real-time polymerase chain reactions were performed to assess odontogenic differentiation. The compressive strength and setting time of collagen scaffolds containing ECN were measured. Differential scanning calorimetry was performed to analyze the thermal behavior of collagen in the presence of ECN. Results Epicatechin increased ALP activity, mineralized nodule formation, and the mRNA expression of dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a specific odontogenic-related marker. Furthermore, ECN upregulated the expression of DSPP in hDPCs cultured in collagen scaffolds. Epicatechin activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and the treatment with an ERK inhibitor (U0126) blocked the expression of DSPP. The compressive strength was increased and the setting time was shortened in a dose-dependent manner. The number of cells cultured in the ECN-treated collagen scaffolds was significantly increased compared to the cells in the untreated control group. Conclusions Our results revealed that ECN promoted the proliferation and differentiation of hDPCs. Furthermore, the differentiation was regulated by the ERK signaling pathway. Changes in mechanical properties are related to cell fate, including proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, our study suggests the ECN treatment might be desirable for dentin-pulp complex regeneration.