RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Recent evidence points to the relevance of poverty and inequality as factors affecting the spread and mortality of the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19 patients living in Mexican municipalities with high levels of poverty have a lower survival compared with those living in municipalities with low levels. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study. Secondary data was used to define the exposure (multidimensional poverty level) and outcome (survival time) among patients diagnosed with COVID-19 between 27 February and 1 July 2020. Crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) from Cox regression were computed. RESULTS: Nearly 250 000 COVID-19 patients were included. Mortality was 12.3% reaching 59.3% in patients with ≥1 comorbidities. Multivariate survival analyses revealed that individuals living in municipalities with extreme poverty had 9% higher risk of dying at any given time proportionally to those living in municipalities classified as not poor (HR 1.09; 95% CI 1.06-1.12). The survival gap widened with the follow-up time up to the third to fourth weeks after diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Evidence suggests that the poorest population groups have a lower survival from COVID-19. Thus, combating extreme poverty should be a central preventive strategy.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Cannabis (marijuana) is one of the most consumed psychoactive substances in the world. The term marijuana is of Mexican origin. The primary cannabinoids that have been studied to date include cannabidiol and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, which is responsible for most cannabis physical and psychotropic effects. Recently, the endocannabinoid system was discovered, which is made up of receptors, ligands and enzymes that are widely expressed in the brain and its periphery, where they act to maintain balance in several homeostatic processes. Exogenous cannabinoids or naturally-occurring phytocannabinoids interact with the endocannabinoid system. Marijuana must be processed in a laboratory to extract tetrahydrocannabinol and leave cannabidiol, which is the product that can be marketed. Some studies suggest cannabidiol has great potential for therapeutic use as an agent with antiepileptic, analgesic, anxiolytic, antipsychotic, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties; however, the findings on cannabinoids efficacy and cannabis-based medications tolerability-safety for some conditions are inconsistent. More scientific evidence is required in order to generate recommendations on the use of medicinal cannabis.

El cannabis (marihuana) es una de las sustancias psicoactivas más consumidas en el mundo. El término marihuana es de origen mexicano. Los cannabinoides primarios estudiados hasta la fecha incluyen el cannabidiol y el delta-9-tetrahidrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), responsable de la mayoría de los efectos físicos y psicotrópicos del cannabis. Recientemente se descubrió el sistema endocannabinoide formado por receptores, ligandos y enzimas expresados ampliamente en el cerebro y su periferia, donde actúan para mantener el equilibrio en varios procesos homeostáticos. Los cannabinoides exógenos o fitocannabinoides de origen natural interactúan con el sistema endocannabinoide. La marihuana debe ser procesada en un laboratorio para extraer el tetrahidrocannabinol y dejar el cannabidiol, el producto que se puede comercializar. Algunos estudios otorgan al cannabidiol un gran potencial para el uso terapéutico como antiepiléptico, analgésico, ansiolítico, antipsicótico, antiinflamatorio y neuroprotector, sin embargo, son inconsistentes los hallazgos sobre la eficacia de los cannabinoides y la ­tolerabilidad-seguridad de los medicamentos con base en cannabis para cualquier padecimiento. Se requiere más evidencia científica para generar recomendaciones sobre el uso del cannabis medicinal.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Cannabis (marijuana) is one of the most consumed psychoactive substances in the world. The term marijuana is of Mexican origin. The primary cannabinoids that have been studied to date include cannabidiol and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, which is responsible for most cannabis physical and psychotropic effects. Recently, the endocannabinoid system was discovered, which is made up of receptors, ligands and enzymes that are widely expressed in the brain and its periphery, where they act to maintain balance in several homeostatic processes. Exogenous cannabinoids or naturally-occurring phytocannabinoids interact with the endocannabinoid system. Marijuana must be processed in a laboratory to extract tetrahydrocannabinol and leave cannabidiol, which is the product that can be marketed. Some studies suggest cannabidiol has great potential for therapeutic use as an agent with antiepileptic, analgesic, anxiolytic, antipsychotic, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties; however, the findings on cannabinoids efficacy and cannabis-based medications tolerability-safety for some conditions are inconsistent. More scientific evidence is required in order to generate recommendations on the use of medicinal cannabis.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Cannabis (marijuana) is one of the most consumed psychoactive substances in the world. The term marijuana is of Mexican origin. The primary cannabinoids that have been studied to date include cannabidiol and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, which is responsible for most cannabis physical and psychotropic effects. Recently, the endocannabinoid system was discovered, which is made up of receptors, ligands and enzymes that are widely expressed in the brain and its periphery, where they act to maintain balance in several homeostatic processes. Exogenous cannabinoids or naturally-occurring phytocannabinoids interact with the endocannabinoid system. Marijuana must be processed in a laboratory to extract tetrahydrocannabinol and leave cannabidiol, which is the product that can be marketed. Some studies suggest cannabidiol has great potential for therapeutic use as an agent with antiepileptic, analgesic, anxiolytic, antipsychotic, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties; however, the findings on cannabinoids efficacy and cannabis-based medications tolerability-safety for some conditions are inconsistent. More scientific evidence is required in order to generate recommendations on the use of medicinal cannabis.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical characteristics and prognosis in patients with cranial trauma. METHODS: A longitudinal design was used to study 302 patients between the years 2003 and 2006. Variables were mechanism and type of lesion, localization, clinical condition, Glasgow Coma Scale and prognosis. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and odds ratio were applied. RESULTS: Motor vehicle accidents were in the first place (47%). The Glasgow mean score was 13. Half of the patients presented with loss of consciousness and the most common symptom, in 34% of them, was cephalgia. There was a proportionately inverse correlation (r-53, < 0.00001) between the Glasgow score and the number of hospitalization days. A two percent mortality was equally distributed in the period studied. Odds ratio for the motorcycle as mechanism was 2.02 (95% CI, 0.8- 4.2) and the OR for the frontoparietal region was 2.6 (95% CI, 0.6-2.3). CONCLUSIONS: The variables associated with unfavourable prognosis in cranial trauma were motorcycle accidents and damage to the frontoparietal region of the brain.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Exposure of renal grafting to prolonged cold ischemia time (CIT) and the association with acute rejection (AR) are known. However, there is no evidence in Mexico about this topic. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate prolonged CIT as a risk factor for AR in renal grafting of cadaveric kidney transplantation in a Mexican population. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out. Clinical files of patients undergoing renal grafting using cadaveric kidneys were reviewed from July 1994-June 2004. Prolonged CIT (=12 h) as a risk factor for AR was evaluated. Other related variables were also examined. RESULTS: From 425 kidney transplantations, only 33 cases were cadaveric. Ten patients had AR. Prolonged CIT (OR 8.4; CI 1.5-44.2, p = 0.02) and azathioprine (AZA)-prednisone (PDN)-cyclosporine (CSA) combination (OR 9.1; CI 1.5-49.4, p = 0.02) were risk factors for AR. Anti-CD25 use (OR 0.6; CI 0.009-0.37, p = 0.001) and mycofenolate mofetil (MMF)-PDN-CSA combination (OR 0.1; CI 0.02-0.65, p = 0.02) were protective factors for AR. CONCLUSIONS: In a Mexican population, prolonged CIT and AZA-PDN-CSA combination were risk factors for AR. Meanwhile, anti- CD25 use and MMF-PDN-CSA combination were protective factors for AR in cadaveric kidney transplantations.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Introducción: Es conocido que la exposición del injerto renal a tiempo prolongado de isquemia fría se asocia con rechazo agudo. Dado que no se encontró evidencia del tema en México, el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el papel del tiempo de isquemia fría prolongado sobre el injerto en el trasplante renal cadavérico en población mexicana. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo, transversal y analítico para el que se seleccionaron los expedientes de pacientes con trasplante renal entre julio de 1994 y junio de 2004. Se realizó análisis de diferentes variables para determinar su efecto sobre el rechazo agudo, entre ellas el tiempo prolongado de isquemia fría (≥ 12 horas). Resultados: De los 425 transplantes realizados, 33 fueron de donador cadavérico; 10 pacientes tuvieron rechazo agudo. El tiempo prolongado de isquemia fría (OR = 8.4, IC = 1.5-44.2, p = 0.02) y la combinación azatioprina (AZA)-prednisona (PDN)- ciclosporina (CSA) (OR = 9.1, IC = 1.5-49.4, p = 0.02) fueron factores de riesgo para rechazo agudo. El uso de antiCD25 (OR = 0.6, IC = 0.009-0.37, p = 0.001) y la combinación mofetil micofenolato (MMF)-PDN-CSA (OR = 0.1, IC = 0.02-0.65, p = 0.02) fueron factores protectores de rechazo agudo. Conclusiones: En una población mexicana, el tiempo de isquemia fría prolongado y la combinación AZA-PDN-CSA fueron factores de riesgo para rechazo agudo, mientras que el uso de antiCD25 y la combinación MMF-PDN-CSA fueron protectores para rechazo agudo en trasplantes renales de donadores cadavéricos.

BACKGROUND: Exposure of renal grafting to prolonged cold ischemia time (CIT) and the association with acute rejection (AR) are known. However, there is no evidence in Mexico about this topic. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate prolonged CIT as a risk factor for AR in renal grafting of cadaveric kidney transplantation in a Mexican population. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out. Clinical files of patients undergoing renal grafting using cadaveric kidneys were reviewed from July 1994-June 2004. Prolonged CIT (=12 h) as a risk factor for AR was evaluated. Other related variables were also examined. RESULTS: From 425 kidney transplantations, only 33 cases were cadaveric. Ten patients had AR. Prolonged CIT (OR 8.4; CI 1.5-44.2, p = 0.02) and azathioprine (AZA)-prednisone (PDN)-cyclosporine (CSA) combination (OR 9.1; CI 1.5-49.4, p = 0.02) were risk factors for AR. Anti-CD25 use (OR 0.6; CI 0.009-0.37, p = 0.001) and mycofenolate mofetil (MMF)-PDN-CSA combination (OR 0.1; CI 0.02-0.65, p = 0.02) were protective factors for AR. CONCLUSIONS: In a Mexican population, prolonged CIT and AZA-PDN-CSA combination were risk factors for AR. Meanwhile, anti- CD25 use and MMF-PDN-CSA combination were protective factors for AR in cadaveric kidney transplantations.

Asunto(s)