RESUMEN
With the rapid spread of global pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), people around the world express panic in various behaviors. This affects the economy of the county, social values, and psychological stress of the people involved regardless of the directness of contact with the infected. This study aims to analyze the panic responses of the people as well as the perception on the global issue through an online survey. The researchers used Health Anxiety Inventory and open ended questions regarding the feelings, thoughts and actions of people during the enhanced community quarantine. Quantitative and qualitative data were both analyzed and interpreted interactively. Results also show that there is a significant difference (p = 0.028) in the Avoidance behavior between locations. Furthermore, a significant difference (p = 0.000) also shows on the Symptoms of Hypochondriasis between exposure to COVID-19. COVID-19 Panic Framework were also conceptualized with the following themes arranged from negative to positive behaviors: Indifference, Annihilation, Nihilism, Paranoia, Sadness, Fear, Transmission of Virus, Shock, Government Blaming, Anxiety, Relating to Past Pandemics, Worry on Self/Family/Others, Information Dissemination, Composure, Compliance, Protection, Cautiousness, Optimism, and Health Consciousness. In conclusion, levels of health anxiety were consistent regardless of location and exposure to COVID-19 patients. Lastly, spectrum of panic consequences due to COVID-19 pandemic were constructed.
Asunto(s)
Betacoronavirus , Infecciones por Coronavirus , Pandemias , Pánico , Neumonía Viral , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Ansiedad , COVID-19 , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Sistemas en Línea , Trastorno de Pánico , SARS-CoV-2 , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Application of different antibodies and extraction methods results in a wide range of steroid metabolite concentrations obtained during noninvasive hormones monitoring. It makes regional comparisons of steroid concentration very difficult. We compared three methods for extraction of glucocorticoids metabolites in tiger feces to examine correct stress level in Bengal and Amur tigers in India and Russia respectively. The results obtained with three different extraction methods correlate with each other positively and significantly. The highest concentration of fecal glucocorticoids metabolites (FGCM) was found after the extraction of wet feces samples with 90% methanol. The level of FGCM was significantly higher in Bengal tigers in India than in Amur tigers in Russian Far East. The reasons might be related to tigers' density or anthropogenic pressure.
Asunto(s)
Ecosistema , Heces/química , Glucocorticoides/análisis , Estrés Fisiológico , Tigres/fisiología , Animales , Geografía , India , Federación de Rusia , TemperaturaRESUMEN
In this study, synthesis of bimetallic (Co, Mn, and Ni) complexes of salicylic acid (L1) and 1,2 dihydroxybenzene (L2) based on titanium(IV) were investigated, then the samples were decomposed by thermal method to obtain MxTiyOz nanoparticles (Mâ¯=â¯Ni, Co, and Mn). The samples in complexes mode were analyzed by UV-Vis (200-800â¯nm), FT-IR (4000-400 Cm-1), CHN analysis and the structure of the bimetallic compounds also were investigated by the Quantum-chemical modelling. In addition, the samples in nanoparticles mode were studied by thermal analysis (to obtain DTA curves), XRD, FESEM image and EDX analyzing. BET surface analysis was carried out to analyze active surface, pore diameter and porosity of the MxTiyOz nanoparticles. Based on the results, obtained samples as catalysts were able to absorb not just UV but also visible light. Catalysts were able to degrade bromophenol blue as a harmful organic substance under UV and visible lights, although, this ability was more significant when the samples were used under visible light.
Asunto(s)
Complejos de Coordinación/química , Nanopartículas/química , Titanio/química , Azul de Bromofenol/química , Catálisis , Cobalto/química , Luz , Manganeso/química , Conformación Molecular , Níquel/química , Fotólisis , Teoría Cuántica , Ácido Salicílico/química , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier , Termogravimetría , Rayos UltravioletaRESUMEN
In a number of applications, e.g. DNA/protein micro-array technology, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technology or surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology, the covalent coupling of proteins to surfaces is required. Following the covalent coupling of proteins, the remaining reactive groups should be blocked in order to avoid covalent binding of the analyte to the reactive surface. To this end, preferably blocking agents containing groups that avoid nonspecific adsorption should be used. These blocking agents are typically ethanolamine and cysteine for protein coupling via amino groups and thiol groups, respectively. This report presents novel blocking agents containing poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) groups. These blocking agents show enhanced qualities to avoid nonspecific adsorption and can therefore have advantages in versatile protein-surface technologies.
Asunto(s)
Bioquímica/métodos , Polietilenglicoles/química , Proteínas/química , Adsorción , Oro , Inmunoglobulina G/metabolismo , Ácidos Palmíticos/química , Proteínas/metabolismo , Resonancia por Plasmón de Superficie , Propiedades de Superficie , Transferrina/metabolismoRESUMEN
In determining the role of Chk in T cell signaling, we have focused on its protein-protein interactions. We detected a tyrosine phosphoprotein that coimmunoprecipitated with Chk from pervanadate stimulated human blastic T cells. Subsequent Western blot analysis identified this tyrosine phosphoprotein as paxillin. Paxillin, a cytoskeletal protein involved in focal adhesions, was first identified as a v-Src substrate in transformed fibroblasts. Interestingly, Chk specifically bound tyrosine phosphorylated paxillin. Consistent with our in vivo data, Chk and paxillin were observed to localize in similar cellular regions prior to and following stimulation. Using GST fusion proteins, we determined that the Chk SH2 domain, not the SH3 domain, bound tyrosine phosphorylated paxillin. Specifically, paxillin bound to the FLVRES motif of the Chk SH2 domain. Using Far Western analysis, we revealed that the Chk SH2 domain directly associates with tyrosine phosphorylated paxillin. Finally, p52(Chk) expression in Csk-deficient mouse embryo fibroblasts decreased total phosphotyrosine levels of paxillin, implying a physiological role for Chk. These studies provide important insight into the role of Chk in tyrosine mediated signaling, as well as T cell physiology.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas del Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Fosfotirosina/metabolismo , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas pp60(c-src) , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Sitios de Unión , Proteína Tirosina Quinasa CSK , Fraccionamiento Celular , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Citosol/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Humanos , Ratones , Peso Molecular , Mutación , Paxillin , Fosforilación , Pruebas de Precipitina , Unión Proteica , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/química , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/biosíntesis , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/metabolismo , Linfocitos T/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos T/enzimología , Vanadatos/farmacología , Dominios Homologos src/genética , Dominios Homologos src/fisiología , Familia-src QuinasasRESUMEN
The murine Ly49 family contains nine genes in two subgroups: the inhibitory receptors (Ly49A, B, C, E, F, G2, and I) and the noninhibitory receptors (Ly49D and H). Unlike their inhibitory counterparts, Ly49D and H do not contain immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs but associate with a recently described co-receptor, DAP12, to transmit positive signals to natural killer (NK) cells. DAP12 is also expressed in myeloid cells, but the receptors coupled to it there are unknown. Here we document the signaling pathways of the Ly49D/DAP12 complex in NK cells. We show that ligation of Ly49D results in 1) tyrosine phosphorylation of several substrates, including phospholipase Cgamma1, Cbl, and p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and 2) calcium mobilization. Moreover, we demonstrate that although human DAP12 reportedly binds the SH2 domains of both Syk and Zap-70, ligation of Ly49D leads to activation of Syk but not Zap-70. Consistent with this observation, Ly49D/DAP12-mediated calcium mobilization is blocked by dominant negative Syk but not by catalytically inactive Zap-70. These data demonstrate the dependence of DAP12-coupled receptors on Syk and suggest that the outcome of Ly49D/DAP12 engagement will be regulated by Cbl and culminate in the activation of transcription factors.
Asunto(s)
Precursores Enzimáticos/metabolismo , Células Asesinas Naturales/metabolismo , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/metabolismo , Receptores Inmunológicos/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Calcio/metabolismo , Cartilla de ADN , Humanos , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular , Células Asesinas Naturales/enzimología , Proteínas de la Membrana , Ratones , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Fosforilación , Unión Proteica , Ratas , Quinasa Syk , Células Tumorales Cultivadas , Proteína Tirosina Quinasa ZAP-70RESUMEN
We evaluated 48 archival cases of acute erythroleukemia and divided them into 3 groups: M6a, corresponding to the traditional French-American-British M6 category; M6b, which is pure erythroleukemia; and M6c, in which myeloblasts and pronormoblasts each account for more than 30% of cells by the French-American-British exclusion criteria. No significant differences were noted among the subtypes for ratio of males to females; age; or exposure to toxins, alcohol, or both. However, compared with the patients in the M6a group, patients in the M6b and M6c groups demonstrated a statistically significant increase in cytogenetic aberrations, proliferation markers (proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki67), and ringed (type III) sideroblasts. Marked survival differences were noted between the M6a (30.1 +/- 29.5 months) and M6b (3.15 +/- 4.2 months) groups, with patients in the M6c group demonstrating an intermediate prognosis (10.5 +/- 12.7 months). Chemotherapeutic regimens induced remission in all treated patients in the M6a and M6c groups but did not appear to affect the M6b group. However, the patients in the M6c group remained in remission for a significantly shorter period of time than did patients in the M6a group. Overall, survival appeared to depend on the ratio of pronormoblasts to myeloblasts at diagnosis and demonstrated a rapid decline with increasing pronormoblast and decreasing myeloblast counts. We must, therefore, devise chemotherapeutic regimens that target both blastic components of this disease.
Asunto(s)
División Celular , Citogenética , Leucemia Eritroblástica Aguda/clasificación , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Médula Ósea/patología , Aberraciones Cromosómicas , Eritrocitos/patología , Femenino , Granulocitos/patología , Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/patología , Humanos , Cariotipificación , Leucemia Eritroblástica Aguda/genética , Leucemia Eritroblástica Aguda/patología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pronóstico , Antígeno Nuclear de Célula en Proliferación/análisisRESUMEN
Two patients with numerous hand mirror cells in the bone marrow were investigated by morphologic, cytochemical, immunohistochemical, flow cytometric, cytogenetic, and gene rearrangement analysis. Both demonstrated a mixed immunophenotype with expression of myeloid and T-lymphoid features. Interestingly, both strongly expressed CD2 (adhesion molecule) and CD7. Review of the literature uncovered additional cases of acute mixed leukemia--hand mirror variant with strong expression of CD2, CD7, and CDIIb, suggesting a unique subset. Under normal physiologic conditions lymphoid cells and monocytes assume a hand mirror configuration when adhesion molecules (i.e., CD2, CDIIb) are triggered by their corresponding ligands. Evidently not all acute leukemias with surface adhesion molecules form hand mirrors, which suggests an additional stimulatory event. The presence of adhesion molecules on these activated cells is important to homing, trafficking, spread of the malignant cells, clinical course, prognosis, and treatment. Therefore all HMC cases require detailed analysis to ensure accurate diagnosis. In-depth evaluation of such cases should give new insights into clinical presentation, prognosis, and treatment of these unusual cases.
Asunto(s)
Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/sangre , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/patología , Adulto , Antígenos de Superficie/sangre , Médula Ósea/patología , Citometría de Flujo , Reordenamiento Génico , Humanos , Cariotipificación , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/sangreRESUMEN
The role of nitric oxide (NO.) in the development of immunologically induced diabetes was examined. Transfer of spleen cells obtained from diabetic female nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice to nondiabetic irradiated males induced diabetes 11-13 days after transfer. Islets isolated from recipient male mice produced NO. in a time-dependent fashion. The production of nitrite was initially detected at day 6 after transfer, with increasing levels by days 9 and 13. Under similar conditions glucose-induced insulin secretion by isolated NOD mouse islets was irreversibly reduced by approximately 40% at days 6, 9, and 13 after transfer of spleen cells. The number of islets harvested per pancreas by the 9th and 13th day after transfer was decreased by 20-25% as compared to controls. Treatment of male NOD mice with aminoguanidine, an inhibitor of the inducible form of NO. synthase, reduced the production of NO. in islets and delayed the development of diabetes by 3-8 days. The temporary inhibition by aminoguanidine was dependent on both inhibitor concentration and number of spleen cells transferred. These results indicate that NO. is produced in NOD islets as a result of an immunological diabetogenic process and suggests a role of this compound in the immunological diabetic process.
Asunto(s)
Aminoácido Oxidorreductasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/inmunología , Guanidinas/farmacología , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva , Islotes Pancreáticos/metabolismo , Linfocitos/inmunología , Óxido Nítrico/biosíntesis , Animales , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/metabolismo , Femenino , Islotes Pancreáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Islotes Pancreáticos/inmunología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos NOD , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa , Bazo/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Infection of C57BL/6J mice with Mycoplasma pulmonis (MP) enhanced NK cell function 3-7 days later, as detected by in vitro and in vivo assays. Moreover, spleen and lung cells of acutely infected C57BL/6J mice inhibited MP growth in vitro. The effectors were eliminated by treatment with anti-NK antibody in vivo and anti-asialo GM1 serum or anti-3A4 antibody plus complement in vitro. Clearance of viable and radiolabeled MP from the lungs was also enhanced in acutely infected mice. Acutely infected mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) eliminated viable MP faster than did uninfected mice. Antibodies to interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) impaired clearance of MP from the lungs of SCID mice and decreased their survival times. Activated NK cells can function in resistance to early stages of infection with MP. NK cells directly inhibit MP with secrete IFN-gamma, which may activate macrophages or inhibit the growth of MP or both.
Asunto(s)
Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Infecciones por Mycoplasma/inmunología , Mycoplasma/inmunología , Animales , Inmunidad Celular , Pulmón/citología , Pulmón/inmunología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/secundario , Masculino , Melanoma/secundario , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Mutantes , Organismos Libres de Patógenos Específicos , Bazo/citología , Bazo/inmunología , Células Tumorales CultivadasRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to begin to dissect the mechanism whereby anti-asialo GM1 (alpha ASGM1) prevents otherwise lethal graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) across multiple minor histocompatibility barriers in mice. Phenotypic characterization of cells from the peak proliferative time of the graft-vs-host reaction (C57BL/6J lymph node cells----irradiated LP/J, days 5-7) revealed the alpha ASGM1 and alpha Thy 1.2 identified cells with an approximate 80% concordance and that NK-1.1 staining was negligible. Because resting T cells do not label with alpha ASGM1, the epitope recognized by alpha ASGM1 on GVHR T cells is an activation antigen. Because asialo GM1 has been previously found on the surface of activated macrophages, we wanted to distinguish between the two most likely targets for the in vivo effect of alpha ASGM1 infusions (T cells or macrophages). We compared the effects of alpha ASGM1 infusions on alloantigen-stimulated T-cell proliferation versus antigen presentation: T-cell proliferation was markedly reduced by alpha ASGM1 infusions, whereas antigen presentation function was not diminished. We conclude that the mechanism whereby alpha ASGM1 prevents GVHD does not involve NK cells or antigen presenting cells, but does involve activated donor T cells. The potential therapeutic advantage of such an antibody for use in human disorders compared to pan-immunosuppression lies in its ability to eliminate selectively those T cells involved in the immunologic process (i.e. activated T cells) while sparing the remainder of the T-cell repertoire.
Asunto(s)
Gangliósido G(M1) , Glicoesfingolípidos/inmunología , Enfermedad Injerto contra Huésped/prevención & control , Isoantígenos/inmunología , Activación de Linfocitos , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Animales , Antígenos de Superficie/análisis , Femenino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , FenotipoAsunto(s)
Trasplante de Médula Ósea , Rechazo de Injerto , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad/inmunología , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Animales , Citotoxicidad Celular Dependiente de Anticuerpos , Médula Ósea/inmunología , Antígenos H-2/inmunología , Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/inmunología , Inmunidad Celular/efectos de la radiación , Vigilancia Inmunológica , Isoanticuerpos/inmunología , Células Asesinas Naturales/efectos de la radiación , Ratones , Receptores Inmunológicos , Linfocitos T/efectos de la radiación , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
In mice, as in humans, lethal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) with skin involvement often occurs in immunoincompetent recipients of donor hematopoietic cells in spite of matching at major histocompatibility loci and nonreactivity in mixed lymphocyte culture, if donor and recipient are disparate at several minor histocompatibility loci. In mice, both death and skin disease can be prevented by the use of an antiserum containing antibodies to a cell surface glycolipid, asialo GM1 (ASGM1). Because treatment of only the recipients with anti-asialo GM1 substantially reduces the subsequent proliferation of infused donor lymphoid cells, we infer that anti-asialo GM1 interferes with a host minor-antigen-presenting cell, so that donor lymphocytes fail to see minor host antigens as immunogenic. Of the tissues examined by immunofluorescence microscopy, ASGM1 was found on the epidermal Thy-1+ dendritic cell, on dendritic cells in the thymus, and as has been previously described, on lung and spleen cells. Following the intravenous administration of anti-asialo GM1, only the spleen showed an obvious change, losing approximately 80% of its ASGM1 + cells. Further analysis of spleen cells bearing ASGM1 may better define the phenotype of the inferred minor antigen-presenting cell and lead to a method of improving the outcome of human bone marrow transplantation.
Asunto(s)
Gangliósido G(M1) , Glicoesfingolípidos/inmunología , Enfermedad Injerto contra Huésped/inmunología , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos , División Celular , Enfermedad Injerto contra Huésped/prevención & control , Humanos , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Tejido Linfoide/citología , RatonesRESUMEN
We sought to determine whether the maturation of murine cutaneous mast cells from stem cells depends on an intact bone marrow microenvironment. Normal bone marrow cells (+/+) were infused into 2 groups of mast cell-deficient mice: WBB6F1-W/Wv mice and 89Sr-pretreated W/Wv mice. 89Sr is a long-lived bone-seeking radioisotope which provides continuous irradiation of the marrow and thereby ablates the marrow microenvironment. Skin biopsies revealed that the 89Sr-pretreated mice and the controls had repopulated their skin with mast cells equally well. Natural killer cell function was significantly depressed in the 89Sr-treated mice, confirming that the marrow microenvironment had been functionally altered. We conclude that, although the precursors for cutaneous mast cells are marrow derived, they do not need an intact marrow microenvironment for maturation.
Asunto(s)
Células de la Médula Ósea , Mastocitos/citología , Piel/citología , Animales , Médula Ósea/efectos de la radiación , Diferenciación Celular , Femenino , Células Asesinas Naturales/fisiología , Ratones , Ratones Mutantes , Células Madre/citología , Radioisótopos de EstroncioRESUMEN
Graft-vs-Host disease (GVHD) remains a devastating problem in human bone marrow transplantation (1, 2). Because removal of Thy-bearing cells from the donor inoculum has prevented GVHD in murine models (3, 4), it has been hoped that a similar cell surface antigen or combination of antigens could be found in humans. Unfortunately, treatment of human donor cells with various T cell antisera has not yet been successful in preventing GVHD (5). Encouraging results have been reported in five patients who received bone marrow depleted of T cells by the sequential use of soybean agglutinin and the differential sedimentation of cells forming rosettes with sheep red blood cells (6). Although donor T cells are thought to be necessary for initiating GVHD, the immunopathogenesis of GVHD is still not understood. Because donors and recipients are routinely major histocompatibility complex matched and chosen to be nonreactive in mixed lymphocyte cultures human GVHD is thought to result from minor histocompatibility antigen disparities. Lopez and coworkers (7, 8) found a strong association between the incidence of human GVHD and the pretransplant levels of natural killer (NK) activity of the recipients; when the recipient NK activity was low, GVHD rarely developed. They speculated that the NK cell lineage is serving as an important stimulator-inducer. We therefore examined the in vivo effects of anti-asialo GM1 on a murine model of GVHD based on minor antigen disparity. This antiserum has several immunologic effects, including a profound NK suppression. We found that the mice treated with this antibody have normal survival rates, even though they do develop histologic GVHD in the skin. This finding suggests the possibility of a new prophylactic approach to human GVHD and raises many questions regarding the function of asialo GM1-bearing cells in immune regulation.