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PURPOSE: To evaluate the diagnostic potential of PET/CT using ([F(18)]fluorethylcholine (FEC) for lymph node (LN) staging in high risk prostate cancer (PCa) patients prior to radical prostatectomy (RP). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty patients with localised PCa and > or =20% LN risk according to a published nomogram were prospectively enrolled. FEC PET/CT was done minimum 14 d after prostate biopsy. Afterwards, open RP and extended pelvic LN dissection (ePLND) were performed. Clinical stage, Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and biopsy Gleason Grading were assessed and histopathological evaluation of the RP-specimens and dissected LN has been performed. The results from PET/CT were compared with LN metastasis according to their anatomical site. RESULTS: Overall, 285 LN have been removed with a mean number of 15 nodes per patient (7-26). Of the 20 patients, 9 men were LN positive (45%), which corresponds to 31 positive LN with a mean size of 7 mm (0.8-12 mm). Dissection of the obturator fossa, external iliac artery/vein and internal iliac artery/vein revealed 36%, 48% and 16% of positive LN, respectively. FEC PET/CT did not detect one single positive LN, thus was false-negative in 31 metastasis and true negative in 254 LN. CONCLUSION: Based on our results which confirmed experience from the previous studies, FEC PET/CT scan did not prove to be useful for LN staging in localised PCa prior to treatment and should thus not be applied if clinically occult metastatic disease is suspected.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether QRS morphology on the surface ECG can be used to predict myocardial viability. DESIGN: ECGs of 58 patients with left ventricular impairment undergoing positron emission tomography (PET) were studied. (13)N-Ammonia (NH(3)) and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) were the perfusion and the metabolic markers, respectively. The myocardium is scarred when the uptake of both markers is reduced (matched defect). Reduced NH(3) uptake with persistent FDG uptake (mismatched defect) represents hibernating myocardium. First, the relation between pathological Q waves and myocardial scarring was investigated. Second, the significance of QR and QS complexes in predicting hibernating myocardium was determined. RESULTS: As a marker of matched PET defects, Q waves were specific (79%) but not sensitive (41%), with a 77% positive predictive accuracy and a poor (43%) negative predictive accuracy. The mean size of the matched PET defect associated with Q waves was 20% of the left ventricle. This was not significantly different from the size of the matched PET defects associated with no Q waves (18%). Among the regions associated with Q waves on the ECG, there were 16 regions with QR pattern (group A) and 23 regions with QS pattern (group B). The incidence of mismatched PET defects was 19% of group A and 30% of group B (NS). CONCLUSIONS: Q waves are specific but not sensitive markers of matched defects representing scarred myocardium. Q waves followed by R waves are not more likely to be associated with hibernating myocardium than QS complexes.

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OBJECTIVE: To establish the persistence of hibernating myocardium initially detected after myocardial infarction treated with thrombolysis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fourteen patients underwent gated positron emission tomography with 18-fluoro-deoxyglucose and N13-ammonia at a median of 8 days after first myocardial infarction. Repeat scans were performed at a median of 13 weeks post-infarction. A total of 148 (30.9%) myocardial segments showed reduced N13-ammonia uptake at the time of the first scan compared with 154.5 (32.2%) segments at the time of repeat imaging. The median change in the number of segments with reduced perfusion was -1.0. Initially 13 subjects had hibernating myocardium, seven patients had large areas and six had smaller regions. Six (46.2%) subjects had repeat scans showing unchanged areas of hibernating tissue and seven had second scans demonstrating changes in the size of the region of hibernating myocardium. One patient had no hibernating myocardium on either scan. CONCLUSIONS: Positron emission tomography performed several months after myocardial infarction demonstrates significant changes in myocardial perfusion. However, a reduction in the number of segments with reduced perfusion does not always result in an improvement in myocardial metabolism and contraction. Whilst most regions of hibernating myocardium were still present several months after infarction, in only approximately half was the size of the mismatched region unchanged. Therefore it is not possible to predict the fate of hibernating myocardium which is present after infarction.

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OBJECTIVE: Severe impairment of left ventricular (LV) contraction is associated with an adverse prognosis in patients with ischaemic heart disease. Revascularisation may improve the impaired LV contraction if hibernating myocardium is present. The proportion of patients likely to benefit from this intervention is unknown. Therefore, the prevalence of hibernating myocardium in patients with ischaemic heart disease and severe impairment of LV contraction was assessed. DESIGN: From a consecutive series of patients undergoing coronary angiography for the investigation of chest pain or LV impairment, all patients with ischaemic heart disease and an LV ejection fraction (LVEF) < or = 30% were identified. These patients underwent positron emission tomography (PET) to detect hibernating myocardium, identified by perfusion metabolism mismatch. SETTING: A teaching hospital directly serving 500,000 people. RESULTS: Of a total of 301 patients, 36 had ischaemic heart disease and an LVEF < or = 30%. Twenty-seven patients had PET images, while nine patients were not imaged because of emergency revascularisation (three), loss to follow up (one), inability to give consent (four), and age < 50 years (one, ethics committee guidelines). Imaged and non-imaged groups were similar in LV impairment, demographic characteristics, and risk factor profile. Fourteen patients (52% of the imaged or 39% of all patients with ischaemic heart disease and LVEF < or = 30%) had significant areas of hibernating myocardium on PET. CONCLUSION: It is possible that up to 50% of patients with ischaemic heart disease and severely impaired left ventricles have hibernating myocardium.

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OBJECTIVE: To establish the incidence of hibernating myocardium after myocardial infarction treated with thrombolysis and to observe differences in the clinical outcome between patients with and without hibernating tissue. METHODS: 41 patients underwent gated positron emission tomography with 18-fluorodeoxyglucose and 13N-ammonia at a median of eight days after first myocardial infarction. RESULTS: All 41 subjects had a matched perfusion-metabolism deficit in the region of myocardium indicated as the site of infarction by an electrocardiograph; 32 patients (78%) had scans which also showed at least one area of reduced blood flow and contraction with a concomitant increase in glucose uptake, representing hibernating myocardium. Patients were followed up at a median of six months: all 41 were alive and none had sustained a further infarct or cardiac arrhythmia; 17 subjects with hibernating tissue (53.1%) and two without (25%) reported chest pain after myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS: Hibernating myocardium is relatively common shortly after myocardial infarction treated with thrombolysis. It does not influence mortality or the incidence of postinfarction chest pain.

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Six patients with histologically proven adenocarcinoma of the pancreas were studied using 2-deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG) using positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In all six cases there was avid accumulation of 18F-FDG within the pancreatic tumour and clear visualization of the tumour on the MRI images. Delineation of the tumours was aided by superimposition of the images from the two imaging methods, which was achieved by using a system of surface markers.

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Fifteen patients with locally advanced breast cancers were studied using the radiopharmaceutical 2-deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) with positron emission tomography (PET). Five patients were sequentially imaged before and after two pulses of chemotherapy. In 14 of 15 tumours increased uptake of FDG was observed which correlated with the clinical site of the tumour. The PET images were compared with the mammographic and ultrasonomammographic appearances of the tumours in selected patients. In two patients with normal mammograms PET imaging detected the tumour and in a further four patients, with suspicious but not conclusively malignant mammographic changes, a well-defined area of increased FDG uptake was demonstrated by PET. In all five sequentially imaged tumours, following chemotherapy, there was a decrease of the FDG tumour: normal breast uptake ratio. In four patients who completed a full chemotherapeutic course this change preceded a pathological response of their tumours. These findings suggest that this technique may be of benefit in imaging carcinomas in the breasts of pre-menopausal women which may appear dense on mammography and moreover, that sequential imaging may have a role in the prediction, at an early stage, of the response of locally advanced carcinomas to chemotherapy.

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STUDY DESIGN: Ten subjects (seven with neurogenic claudication and three control subjects) underwent examination of lower limb muscle blood flow before and after exercise using positron emission tomography. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the hypothesis that lower limb muscle ischemia was the origin of symptoms in neurogenic claudication. BACKGROUND: Patients with neurogenic claudication secondary to spinal stenosis experience lower limb discomfort after exercise similar to that of ischemic claudication. However, they do not have clinical evidence of peripheral vascular disease. The authors postulated that the lower limb discomfort in patients with neurogenic claudication may arise from muscle ischemia due to inadequate dilatation of arterioles in response to exercise, this itself arising secondary to sympathetic dysfunction due to spinal stenosis. METHOD: Using O15-labeled water and positron emission tomography measured thigh and leg muscle blood flow response to exercise bilaterally in seven patients with unilateral neurogenic claudication and three control subjects were measured. RESULTS: The average values obtained for mid-thigh and mid-calf muscle perfusion at rest were 2.57 ml/min/100 g tissue (2.23-3.90) and 2.39 ml/min/100 g tissue (2.03-3.46), respectively. The average values obtained from mid-thigh and mid-calf perfusion after exercise were 4.41 ml/min/100 g tissue (2.8-6.0) and 4.87 ml/min/100 g (2.2-11.7). We found no difference in muscle perfusion between symptomatic and asymptomatic limbs in this group of patients. CONCLUSION: These studies suggest that muscle ischemia is not the origin of symptoms in most patients with neurogenic claudication.

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Proton induced nuclear reactions on enriched 111Cd and 112Cd have been studied up to 30 MeV in the context of routine production of the medically used isotope 111In with low and medium energy cyclotrons. The excitation functions of 111Cd(p,n)111m,gIn and 112Cd(p,2n)111m,gIn as production reactions and 111Cd(p,2n)110mIn, 111Cd(p,2n)110In, 111Cd(p,3n)109ml,m2,In, 112Cd(p,3n)110mIn, 112Cd(p,3n)110gIn as competing processes have been measured using the activation method involving the stacked-foil technique. The deduced thick target yields are compared with those obtained experimentally.

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In order to understand the thermal processes occurring within a water target we carried out calculations of heat transfer of the beam energy absorbed from the target water to the target back wall, and compared them with the temperatures measured during irradiations. It was shown, by both the experimental results and the heat transfer calculations, that, at high beam currents, static small volume water targets have a working temperature at the boiling point of the target water. The heat transfer occurs only by movement of the water molecules generated by the boiling target water and not by heat conduction or free convection alone. There is no heat transfer arising from vaporization and reflux.

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