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BACKGROUND: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) combined with electromyography (EMG) has widely been used as a non-invasive brain stimulation tool to assess excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance. E/I imbalance is a putative mechanism underlying symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Combined TMS-electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) provides a detailed examination of cortical excitability to assess the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This study aimed to investigate differences in TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs), TMS-related spectral perturbations (TRSP) and intertrial coherence (ITC) between patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: TMS was applied over the motor cortex during EEG recording. Differences in TEPs, TRSP and ITC between the patient and healthy subjects were analysed for all electrodes at each time point, by applying multiple independent sample t-tests with a cluster-based permutation analysis to correct for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: Patients demonstrated significantly reduced amplitudes of early and late TEP components compared to healthy controls. Patients also showed a significant reduction of early delta (50-160 ms) and theta TRSP (30-250ms),followed by a reduction in alpha and beta suppression (220-560 ms; 190-420 ms). Patients showed a reduction of both early (50-110 ms) gamma increase and later (180-230 ms) gamma suppression. Finally, the ITC was significantly lower in patients in the alpha band, from 30 to 260 ms. CONCLUSION: Our findings support the putative role of impaired GABA-receptor mediated inhibition in schizophrenia impacting excitatory neurotransmission. Further studies can usefully elucidate mechanisms underlying specific symptoms clusters using TMS-EEG biometrics.

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The present study describes the use of poison baits against so-called pest species in Greece and explores various aspects of this illegal practice. Data were collected from 2000 to 2016, and a total of 1015 poisoning incidents in rural areas causing the death of 3248 animals were examined. In 58.7% of investigated cases, the motives remained unknown; in the remaining cases, human-wildlife conflicts and retaliatory actions among stakeholders (e.g., hunters vs. livestock breeders) were found to be the main reasons for poison bait use. The target animals for these actions were mainly mammalian carnivores, and stray canids, all of which were blamed for livestock and game losses. Avian scavengers were the wildlife species most affected by secondary poisoning (30% of the wildlife fatalities), whereas shepherd dogs accounted for 66.4% of domestic animal losses. Toxicological analyses showed that a wide range of chemical substances were used, mostly legal or banned pesticides (e.g., carbamates, organophosphates, and organochlorines) and potassium cyanide. Furthermore, the widespread trafficking of black marketed insecticides was also recorded, with methomyl (in powder form) and carbofuran being most common. The majority of poisoning events (72%) took place outside protected areas, while in approximately 73.4% of them, no official reporting to the competent authorities was made. Overall, the study highlights the significant impact of illegal poison bait use on wildlife in Greece and addresses its extreme socioeconomic complexity. The need for an integrated national anti-poison strategy is discussed.

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OBJECTIVE: It still remains unclear whether psychotic features increase the risk of suicidal attempts in major depressive disorder. Thus, we attempted, through a systematic review coupled with a meta-analysis, to elucidate further whether unipolar psychotic depression (PMD) compared to non-PMD presents higher levels of suicidal attempts. METHOD: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO as well as in various databases of the so-called gray literature for all studies providing data on suicidal attempts in PMD compared to non-PMD, and the results were then subjected to meta-analysis. RESULTS: Twenty studies met our inclusion criteria, including in total 1,275 PMD patients and 5,761 non-PMD patients. An elevated risk for suicide attempt for PMD compared to non-PMD patients was found: The total (lifetime) fixed-effects pooled OR was 2.11 (95% CI: 1.81-2.47), and the fixed-effects pooled OR of the five studies of the acute phase of the disorder was 1.93 (95% CI: 1.33-2.80). This elevated risk of suicidal attempt for PMD patients remained stable across all age groups of adult patients. CONCLUSION: Despite data inconsistency and clinical heterogeneity, this systematic review and meta-analysis showed that patients with PMD are at a two-fold higher risk, both during lifetime and in acute phase, of committing a suicidal attempt than patients with non-PMD.

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BACKGROUND: Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia have major functional impacts. Modafinil is a cognitive enhancer whose effect in healthy volunteers is well-described, but whose effects on the cognitive deficits of schizophrenia appear to be inconsistent. Two possible reasons for this are that cognitive test batteries vary in their sensitivity, or that the phase of illness may be important, with patients early in their illness responding better. METHODS: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled single-dose crossover study of modafinil 200 mg examined this with two cognitive batteries [MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) and Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB)] in 46 participants with under 3 years' duration of DSM-IV schizophrenia, on stable antipsychotic medication. In parallel, the same design was used in 28 age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy volunteers. Uncorrected p values were calculated using mixed effects models. RESULTS: In patients, modafinil significantly improved CANTAB Paired Associate Learning, non-significantly improved efficiency and significantly slowed performance of the CANTAB Stockings of Cambridge spatial planning task. There was no significant effect on any MCCB domain. In healthy volunteers, modafinil significantly increased CANTAB Rapid Visual Processing, Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shifting and verbal recall accuracy, and MCCB social cognition performance. The only significant differences between groups were in MCCB visual learning. CONCLUSIONS: As in earlier chronic schizophrenia studies, modafinil failed to produce changes in cognition in early psychosis as measured by MCCB. CANTAB proved more sensitive to the effects of modafinil in participants with early schizophrenia and in healthy volunteers. This confirms the importance of selecting the appropriate test battery in treatment studies of cognition in schizophrenia.

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Improving cognition in people with neuropsychiatric disorders remains a major clinical target. By themselves pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches have shown only modest effects in improving cognition. In the present study we tested a recently-proposed methodology to combine CT with a 'cognitive-enhancing' drug to improve cognitive test scores and expanded on previous approaches by delivering combination drug and CT, over a long intervention of repeated sessions, and used multiple tasks to reveal the cognitive processes being enhanced. We also aimed to determine whether gains from this combination approach generalised to untrained tests. In this proof of principle randomised-controlled trial thirty-three healthy volunteers were randomised to receive either modafinil or placebo combined with daily cognitive training over two weeks. Volunteers were trained on tasks of new-language learning, working memory and verbal learning following 200 mg modafinil or placebo for ten days. Improvements in trained and untrained tasks were measured. Rate of new-language learning was significantly enhanced with modafinil, and effects were greatest over the first five sessions. Modafinil improved within-day learning rather than between-day retention. No enhancement of gains with modafinil was observed in working memory nor rate of verbal learning. Gains in all tasks were retained post drug-administration, but transfer effects to broad cognitive abilities were not seen. This study shows that combining CT with modafinil specifically elevates learning over early training sessions compared to CT with placebo and provides a proof of principle experimental paradigm for pharmacological enhancement of cognitive remediation.

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Evidence suggests that hippocampal volumetric abnormalities are present in first-episode schizophrenia. The hippocampus contains the highest brain levels of neurotrophic factors, which are major determinants of neuronal plasticity. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) influences neuronal survival, differentiation, synaptogenesis, and maintenance and is also correlated with neuronal activation in the hippocampus. BDNF is also involved in the development and modulation of dopaminergic-related systems. Alterations of serum BDNF levels have been shown in a number of studies with first episode patients with schizophrenia, probably reflecting an association between BDNF and the pathogenesis of the disorder. In the present study we investigated the correlation between serum BDNF levels and hippocampal volumes in a sample of first episode drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia (FEP) and healthy control subjects. We found that hippocampal volume (HV) was decreased in FEP patients. Corrected right HV of FEP patients were significantly smaller compared to corrected right HVs of healthy subjects. The serum BDNF levels in the sample of FEP patients was significantly reduced compared to the healthy subjects. A significant positive association was found between serum BDNF and the corrected right HV in the group of patients such that the smaller the HV, the more reduced the serum BDNF levels. (Pearson r=0.452, p=0.045). Our findings indicate that low serum BDNF levels are associated with reduction in HV at the onset of schizophrenia and may further support the theory of a neuroprogressive-neurotoxic reaction associated with the onset of psychosis.

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PURPOSE: Liposomal cisplatin was developed to reduce the systemic toxicity of cisplatin, particularly the nephrotoxicity, and it has been used in combination with other agents in pancreatic and head and neck cancers and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Our objective was to compare the effectiveness of lipoplatin combined with paclitaxel versus cisplatin with paclitaxel in advanced non-squamous NSCLC. METHODS: During 2007-2010, 202 patients with non-squamous NSCLC (stage IIIB and IV) were recruited from the two participating institutions and divided into two arms: Arm A was treated with liposomal cisplatin 200 mg/m(2) combined with paclitaxel 135 mg/m(2) and Arm B with cisplatin 75 mg/m(2) in combination with paclitaxel 135 mg/m(2), repeated every 2 weeks. The number of cycles administered was 632 (Arm A) and 640 (Arm B), totaling 1,272. RESULTS: A partial response was achieved by 59.22% of Arm A patients versus 42.42% of Arm B, and the difference was statistically significant (P 0.036). The median survival time in months was 10 for Arm A and 8 for Arm B (P 0.1551). After 18 months, the number of surviving patients was double for Arm A versus Arm B. CONCLUSION: Liposomal cisplatin in combination with paclitaxel produces a statistically significantly higher response rate than cisplatin combined with paclitaxel in non-squamous NSCLC.

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BACKGROUND/AIMS: The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in serum and the central nervous system are altered in patients with schizophrenia, suggesting that changes in the expression of BDNF might contribute to the disease pathophysiology. Long duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) has been associated with poorer prognosis in patients with schizophrenia. Such a relationship of untreated psychosis to outcome may indicate a neurodegenerative process and may have important implications for understanding the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. METHODS: In this study, we investigated the association between serum BDNF levels and DUP in a sample of drug-naïve patients in their first episode of schizophrenia (FEP). We investigated serum BDNF levels in a sample of 37 drug-naïve FEP patients and 21 matched healthy subjects. RESULTS: The serum BDNF level in the sample of FEP was significantly reduced compared to the healthy subjects (18.87 +/- 8.23 vs. 29.2 +/- 7.73 ng/ml, t = 4.76, d.f. = 57, p = 0.01). A negative correlation was found between serum BDNF levels and DUP in the group of patients (r = -0.346, p = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that low serum BDNF levels at the onset of schizophrenia were associated with a long DUP and this could reflect an acute neurodegenerative reaction during the untreated phase of psychosis.

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BACKGROUND: Liposomal cisplatin is a new formulation developed to reduce the systemic toxicity of cisplatin while simultaneously improving the targeting of the drug to the primary tumor and to metastases by increasing circulation time in the body fluids and tissues. The primary objectives were to determine nephrotoxicity, gastrointestinal side-effects, peripheral neuropathy and hematological toxicity and secondary objectives were to determine the response rate, time to tumor progression (TTP) and survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two hundred and thirty-six chemotherapy-naive patients with inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer were randomly allocated to receive either 200 mg/m² of liposomal cisplatin and 135 mg/m² paclitaxel (arm A) or 75 mg/m² cisplatin and 135 mg/m² paclitaxel (arm B), once every 2 weeks on an outpatient basis. Two hundred and twenty-nine patients were assessable for toxicity, response rate and survival. Nine treatment cycles were planned. RESULTS: Arm A patients showed statistically significant lower nephrotoxicity, grade 3 and 4 leucopenia, grade 2 and 3 neuropathy, nausea, vomiting and fatigue. There was no significant difference in median and overall survival and TTP between the two arms; median survival was 9 and 10 months in arms A and B, respectively, and TTP was 6.5 and 6 months in arms A and B, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Liposomal cisplatin in combination with paclitaxel has been shown to be much less toxic than the original cisplatin combined with paclitaxel. Nephrotoxicity in particular was negligible after liposomal cisplatin administration. TTP and survival were similar in both treatment arms.

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BACKGROUND: Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are the most prevalent symptom in schizophrenia. They are associated with increased activation within the temporoparietal cortices and are refractory to pharmacological and psychological treatment in approximately 25% of patients. Low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the temporoparietal cortex has been demonstrated to be effective in reducing AVH in some patients, although results have varied. The cortical mechanism by which rTMS exerts its effects remain unknown, although data from the motor system is suggestive of a local cortical inhibitory effect. We explored neuroimaging differences in healthy volunteers between application of a clinically utilized rTMS protocol and a sham rTMS equivalent when undertaking a prosodic auditory task. METHOD: Single-blind placebo controlled fMRI study of 24 healthy volunteers undertaking an auditory temporoparietal activation task, who received either right temporoparietal rTMS or sham RTMS. RESULTS: The main effect of group was bilateral inferior parietal deactivation following real rTMS. An interaction of group and task type showed deactivation during real rTMS in the right superior temporal gyrus (STG), left thalamus, left postcentral gyrus and cerebellum. However, the left parietal lobe showed an increase in activation following right sided real rTMS, but this increase was specific to a non-linguistic, tone-sequence task. CONCLUSION: rTMS does cause local inhibitory effects, not only in the underlying region of application, but also in functionally connected cortical regions. However, there is also a related, task dependent, increase in activation within selected cortical areas in the contralateral hemisphere; these are likely to reflect compensatory mechanisms, and such cortical activation may in some cases contribute to, or retard, some of the therapeutic effects seen with rTMS.

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Delusional misidentification syndromes (DMSs) and schizophrenia are strongly associated, since the former occur predominantly in the context of paranoid schizophrenia. However, the possible underlying neuropsychological relationships between DMSs and paranoid schizophrenia have not been thoroughly investigated. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether DMSs in paranoid schizophrenia are associated with a distinct neuropsychological substrate indicative of differential bilateral frontal and right hemisphere dysfunction. We compared two matched groups of paranoid schizophrenic patients with (N=22) and without (N=22) DMS(s) on a battery of neuropsychological tests assessing mainly frontal and right hemisphere functions. No statistically significant differences were detected between the two groups. Our findings are indicative of a bilateral frontal and right hemisphere dysfunction of equal severity in both DMS and non-DMS patients with paranoid schizophrenia.

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The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is to promote and modulate the neuronal responses across neurotransmitter systems in the brain. Therefore, abnormal BDNF signaling may be associated with the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Decreased BDNF levels in the brain and the serum of patients with psychotic disorders have been reported. In the present study, we assessed serum BDNF levels in a group of 14 drug-naive first-episode patients with schizophrenia (FEP), compared to 15 healthy controls. The serum BDNF levels in the sample of FEP patients was significantly reduced compared to normal controls (23.92+/-5.99 ng/ml vs. 30.0+/-8.43 ng/ml, F=5.01, df=1, p=.034). Negative correlations were shown between serum BDNF levels of the patients and the PANSS Positive and Negative subscale scores. Our findings indicate that BDNF levels at the onset of schizophrenia may reflect associated pathophysiological processes as well as the severity of positive and negative psychotic symptoms.

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UNLABELLED: The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) has been translated and widely used in several countries to assess anxiety and depression in general hospital patients with good results. Material-Method The HADS was administered to 521 participants (275 controls and 246 inpatients and outpatients of Internal Medicine and Surgical Departments). The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were used as "gold standards" for depression and anxiety respectively. Results The HADS presented high internal consistency; Cronbach's α=0.884 (0.829 for anxiety and 0.840 for depression) and stability (test-retest Intraclass Correlation Coefficient 0.944). Factor analysis showed a two-factor structure. The HADS showed high concurrent validity; the correlations of the scale and its subscales with the BDI and the STAI were high (0.722-0.749). CONCLUSIONS: The Greek version of HADS showed good psychometric properties and could prove as a good tool for clinicians to assess anxiety and depression in general hospital patients.

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BACKGROUND: In the present study, 3 cytotoxic agents were combined as front-line chemotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. All 3 drugs have been used in other 2-agent combinations and have been shown to be effective as first-line therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-one (53 male, 8 female, median age 65 years old) out of 67 patients were evaluable for response and toxicity. Eighty percent of the patients were stage IIIB and IV and 20% were inoperable stage IIIA. In order to obviate toxicity as much as possible, paclitaxel 135 mg/m2 was combined with gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 for the first cycle, and 2 weeks later with vinorelbine 25 mg/m2, for the second cycle; this alternate schedule was repeated every 2 weeks for 9 cycles. RESULTS: No complete responses were observed; there was a 37.7% partial response rate and stable disease in 31.1% of the patients. The median survival was 13 months and 1-year survival, 53%. Myelotoxicity involved grade 3 neutropenia in 3.3% of the patients and grade 4 in 1.6%. CONCLUSION: Adverse reactions were few in this alternate administration of paclitaxel-gemcitabine and paclitaxel-vinorelbine in NSCLC patients; in more than half of the patients there was long median and 1-year survival.

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Our purpose was to determine the efficacy of irinotecan plus paclitaxel administered on day 1, repeated every 2 weeks, in untreated patients with advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In total, 56 patients with inoperable or metastatic stage III and IV NSCLC with a histologically or cytologically confirmed diagnosis were enrolled. None of the patients had undergone prior chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Treatment involved irinotecan 125 mg m(-2) and paclitaxel 135 mg m(-2) administered on day 1 and repeated every 2 weeks for a planned number of nine cycles. With a standard dose of paclitaxel at 135 mg m(-2), the dosage of irinotecan was escalated at four levels: 75, 100, 125 and 150 mg m(-2); 125 mg m(-2) was established as the maximum tolerated dose; this dosage was administered to 46 patients. A total of 52 patients (median age 65 years, range 38-77 years) were assessable for toxicity and survival and 46 for response rate. Out of 46 evaluable patients, 19 achieved partial response (41.3%), 17 had stable disease (37%) and 10 (21.7%) experienced disease progression. The median duration of response was 6 months (range 2-9+ months). The main adverse reactions were myelotoxicity (grades 3 and 4) in 10 (19.2%) patients and diarrhoea (grade 3) in four (7.7%) patients. Irinotecan combined with paclitaxel, administered every 2 weeks, appears to be an effective treatment for advanced-stage NSCLC.

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PURPOSE: This randomized phase III trial of advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was designed to compare a standard treatment such as carboplatin (CRP)-paclitaxel (PCT) with a new combination, vinorelbine (VRL)-PCT-two agents acting in microtubules. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three hundred and sixty patients (stage IIIa, IIIb and IV) were included and evaluated for response rate, survival and toxicity. Arm A patients were treated with the control combination of CRP 6 AUC and PCT 175 mg/m(2) repeated every 3 weeks for six cycles, and arm B with the investigational combination of VRL 25 mg/m(2) and PCT 135 mg/m(2) repeated every 2 weeks for nine cycles. The patients were well balanced with respect to gender, disease stage and performance status. Arm A received 849 cycles (mean 4.59 per patient) and arm B 951 cycles (mean 5.39 per patient). RESULTS: Complete and partial response rates were 45.95% and 42.86% for arms A and B, respectively. Median survival was 11 and 10 months, 1-year survival 42.7% and 37.85% and 2-year survival 10.12% and 19% for arms A and B, respectively. Toxicity was similar in all patients, except for neutropenia, which was significantly greater in arm B. CONCLUSIONS: PCT combined with VRL produces similar (non-significant) response rates, survival and toxicity (except for neutropenia, as noted above) to standard CRP-PCT treatment in untreated advanced-stage NSCLC.

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