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Resumen Antecedentes: La participación de las mujeres en el fútbol se ha incrementado exponencialmente en los últimos años, por lo que integrar antecedentes basados en la evidencia en esta población, permite una mejor compresión y análisis del desempeño deportivo de atletas femeninas. Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de asociación entre los indicadores de composición corporal y el rendimiento en test 30-15 IFT en futbolistas mujeres de primera división. Métodos: Participaron 29 jugadoras profesionales de un equipo de primera división de Chile. Se evaluó el test 30-15, se analizó la velocidad final alcanzada (VIFT) y se estimó el consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2máx). La composición corporal (CC) fue estimada a través de antropometría y se analizó la talla, masa corporal, índice de masa corporal (IMC), masa adiposa absoluta (MA) y relativa (PMA), masa muscular absoluta (MM) y relativa (PMM) y sumatoria de 6 pliegues (S6P). Para analizar el nivel de asociación, se utilizó el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson (r) con un alfa de 0.05. Resultados: Se encontraron correlaciones negativas débiles entre MA con VIFT (r = -0.384 y p = 0.04) y VO2máx (r = -0.375 y p = 0.45); correlaciones negativas moderadas entre S6P con VIFT (r = -0.476 y p = 0.009) y VO2máx (r=0.454 y p=0.013); correlaciones negativas moderadas entre IMC con VIFT (r = 0.401 y p = 0.031) y VO2máx (r = -0.379 y p = 0.043). No se hallaron correlaciones entre MM y PMM con VIFT o VO2máx. Conclusión: Es posible concluir que el rendimiento en el 30-15IFT presenta asociación con la composición corporal, específicamente con la MA, S6P e IMC en las jugadoras evaluadas.
Abstract Background: The participation of women in football has increased exponentially in recent years, so integrating evidence-based background in this population allows a better understanding and analysis of the sporting performance of female athletes. Objective: Determine the level of association between body composition indicators and performance in the 30-15 IFT test in first division female football players. Methods: 29 professional female players from a first division team in Chile participated. The 30-15 test was evaluated, the final velocity achieved (VIFT) was analyzed, and the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2máx) was estimated. Body composition (CC) was estimated through anthropometry and height, body mass, body mass index (BMI), absolute (AM) and relative (RM) adipose mass, absolute (MM) and relative (RMM) muscle mass, and 6-fold sum (S6P) were analyzed. Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) with an alpha of 0.05 was used to analyze the level of association. Results: Weak negative correlations were found between MA with VIFT (r = -0.384 and p = 0.04) and VO2máx (r = -0.375 and p = 0.45); moderate negative correlations between S6P with VIFT (r = -0.476 and p = 0.009) and VO2máx (r = 0.454 and p = 0.013); moderate negative correlations between BMI with VIFT (r = 0.401 and p = 0.031) and VO2máx (r = -0.379 and p = 0.043). No correlations were found between MM and PMM with VIFT or VO2máx. Conclusion: It is possible to conclude that performance in the 30-15IFT is associated with body composition, specifically with MA, S6P, and BMI in players evaluated.
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PURPOSE: This study investigated the impact of four weeks of age-dependent detraining on army soldiers' cardiorespiratory fitness and maximal and explosive strength. METHODS: Fourteen volunteer tactical athletes participated, divided into two age groups (20 to 29 and 30 to 40 years). Before and after the detraining period, we assessed their anthropometric measurements (weight, height, body mass index, fat mass, and fat-free mass), cardiorespiratory fitness (maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max] and ventilatory thresholds [VT1 and VT2]), and kinematic properties during a single-leg counter-moving jump (CMJ) test for both the dominant and non-dominant legs. Two-way ANOVA followed by the Holm-Sidak post hoc test was used. RESULTS: The anthropometric and cardiovascular variables did not show significant differences between the groups. However, both groups exhibited a significantly reduced maximum time and speed at the VO2max. Furthermore, the flight time and maximum height during the CMJ significantly decreased in the non-dominant leg for both age groups. Notably, the dominant leg's concentric impulse (CI) significantly reduced during the CMJ, but this effect was observed only in the 30-40 age group. There were significant differences between the two age groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that four weeks of detraining negatively impacts aerobic fitness and muscular strength, independently of age. However, the dominant leg may be more susceptible to detraining effects in army soldiers aged 30-40. Furthermore, as a perspective, our results strongly suggest that a detraining period could affect successful missions (aerobic performance deterioration), as well as promote a muscle imbalance between the legs, which could encourage muscle injuries and endanger combat missions.
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Aims: To evaluate peppermint essential oil (PEO) inhalation's effect on young soccer athletes' motor performance. Methods: A randomized crossover design was used to test the effect of the PEO. Eleven U-17 soccer players were evaluated into two conditions (PEO and Placebo - PLA). The players were tested in squat jump and countermovement jump and inhaled PEO or PLA and 10 min later performed the physical tests again. A mixed ANOVA was performed to test the hypotheses. Results: Main effects were found for the time in jumping height in the CMJ (p = 0.037). No main and interaction effects were found in the SJ variables. Conclusion: From the results, decrease CMJ performance acutely, both conditions presented decrease in JH, but based in effect size, PLA decrease is higher (more sample size for corroborate this) possibly due to improvements in the eccentric yielding sub-phase, where mentioned phase could be reflecting neural changes (required experimental verification). The PEO could be the interest in trainers for use before of match or in the half-time for minimize the decreased of physical performance by the rest.
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En la actualidad, el fútbol es un deporte que demanda un alto desempeño físico, por lo que conocer las características de la condición física en las distintas categorías de desarrollo se hace fundamental para conducir un óptimo proceso de entrenamiento, de modo que, el objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la condición física de futbolistas de un club profesional de Nicaragua, según la categoría de edad en las cuales se desempeñaban. El presente es un estudio de tipo descriptivo, comparativo, de la condición física de 187 futbolistas, de edades entre 13 y 31 años, distribuidos por categoría según año de nacimiento y plantel profesional. El grupo PRO presenta mayor rendimiento en comparación a las categorías U13, U15, U17 y U21 (p < 0,001) en tiempo sprint lineal 10 metros (F = 71 y TE = 0,71), 30 metros (F = 85 y TE = 0,70), velocidad de tiro (F = 171 y TE = 0,81), Tiempo en test agilidad de Illinois (F = 77 y TE = 0,72) y metros recorridos en Yo-Yo de recuperación intermitente nivel 1 (F = 121 y TE = 0,73). Se puede concluir que existe un mayor rendimiento de los aspectos físicos por parte de las categorías de mayor edad. Estos resultados pueden servir de referencia o de parámetros de comparación de rendimiento físico de jugadores jóvenes y adultos a nivel nacional de Nicaragua.
Currently, soccer is a sport that demands high physical performance, so knowing the characteristics of the physical condition of players in the different categories of development is essential for conducting an optimal training process. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the physical condition of soccer players from a professional club in Nicaragua, according to the age category in which they played. This is a descriptive and comparative study of the physical condition of 187 soccer players between the ages of 13 and 31, distributed by category, according to year of birth and the professional team they were on. The PRO group presented higher performance in comparison to the U13, U15, U17, and U21 categories (p<0.001) in the 10 meters linear sprint time (F=71 and TE=0.71), 30 meters linear sprint time (F=85 and TE=0.70), shooting speed (F=171 and TE=0.81), time in Illinois agility test (F=77 and TE=0.72), and in meters ran in the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (F=121 and TE=0.73). The study shows that there is a higher performance of the older categories in the physical aspects. These results can serve as reference or comparison parameters of the physical performance of young and adult players at a national level in Nicaragua.
Atualmente, o futebol é um esporte que exige um alto desempenho físico, portanto, conhecer as características da condição física nas diferentes categorias de desenvolvimento é essencial para conduzir um processo de treinamento ideal, portanto, o objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a condição física dos jogadores de futebol de um clube profissional na Nicarágua, de acordo com a categoria etária em que jogaram. Este é um estudo descritivo e comparativo da condição física de 187 jogadores de futebol entre 13 e 31 anos, distribuídos por categoria de acordo com o ano de nascimento e equipe profissional. O grupo PRO apresentou melhor desempenho em comparação com as categorias U13, U15, U17 e U21 (p<0,001) em tempo de sprint linear 10 metros (F=71 e TE=0.71), 30 metros (F=85 e TE=0,70), velocidade de tiro (F=171 e TE=0.81), tempo em teste de agilidade illinois (F=77 e TE=0.72) e metros corridos em Yo-Yo de nível de recuperação intermitente 1 (F=121 e TE=0.73). Pode-se concluir que há um maior desempenho dos aspectos físicos por parte das categorias mais antigas. Estes resultados podem servir como parâmetros de referência ou comparação do desempenho físico de jogadores jovens e adultos a nível nacional na Nicarágua.
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Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Fútbol , Aptitud Física , Rendimiento Atlético , Carrera , Índice de Masa Corporal , Estudios Transversales , Factores de Edad , Medidores de Velocidad , NicaraguaRESUMEN
Resumen El propósito del estudio fue conocer las alteraciones en el estado de bienestar en periodo de confinamiento debido al COVID-19 en jugadores de fútbol profesional de la primera división B de Chile. Participaron 28 jugadores profesionales de fútbol varones, edad 26 ± 6.3 años, masa corporal de 74.2 ± 5.5 kg y estatura de 177 ± 0.05 cm. Se evaluó el grado de bienestar a través de un cuestionario (McLean et al., 2010) durante periodo competitivo y periodo de confinamiento de la temporada 2020. Se muestran diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0.05) entre el periodo competitivo y el periodo de confinamiento, en FT (t = 2.5; p = 0.0), SO (t = 2.71; p = 0.01), ES (t = 5.07; p = 0.0), EA (t = 1.82; p = 0.08) y T (t = 4.87; p = 0.0). Se reflejaron TE pequeños en las variables EA y DM (d = 0.7; d = 0.4 respectivamente), moderados en FT y SO (d = 1.0; d = 1.2 respectivamente) y muy grandes en ES y T (d = 2.1; d = 2.0 respectivamente). Los PC y CV entre periodos para las variables de bienestar fueron para FT 11% y 11.6%, para DM 5.3% y 13.1%, para SO 9.3%; 7.5%, ES 11.6% y 5.9, para EA 3.9%; 5.2%, y finalmente para T 8.1% y 4.0% respectivamente. Es posible concluir que el estado de bienestar en jugadores profesionales de fútbol se ve alterado en el periodo de confinamiento respecto al de competición, encontrándose cambios significativos en las variables FT, SO, ES y T, que coincidieron con los cambios de moderados a muy grandes de estas mismas variables, como también los PC fueron más grandes que el CV entre periodos; por lo que podríamos considerar estos cambios como reales, y que pudiesen ser un efecto atribuible al aislamiento obligatorio.
Abstract This study aimed to find changes in the wellness state, during the confinement period due to COVID-19, in professional soccer players from the first division B of Chile. The studied sample consisted of 28 professional male soccer players aged 26 ± 6.3 years, body mass 74.2 ± 5.5 kg, and height 177 ± 0.05 cm. The degree of well-being was evaluated through a questionnaire (McLean et al., 2010) during the 2020 competitive and confinement periods. Statistically, significant differences (p <0.05) between the competitive period and the confinement period are shown in FT (t = 2.5; p = 0.0), SO (t = 2.71; p = 0.01), ES (t = 5.07; p = 0.0), EA (t = 1.82; p = 0.08), and T (t = 4.87; p = 0.0). Small TE were reflected in the variables EA and DM (d = 0.7; d = 0.4 respectively), moderate in FAT and SO (d = 1.0; d = 1.2 respectively), and very large in ES and T (d = 2.1; d = 2.0 respectively). The CP and CV between periods for the well-being variables were the following: for FAT, 11% and 11.6%, for DM, 5.3% and 13.1%; for SO, 9.3%; 7.5%, ES 11.6% and 5.9, for EA 3.9%; 5.2%, and finally for T 8.1% and 4.0% respectively. It is possible to conclude that the state of well-being in professional soccer players is altered in the period of confinement with respect to that of competition, finding significant changes in the variables FT, SO, ES, and T, which coincided with the changes from moderate to very large of these same variables, as well as the PC were larger than the CV between periods. Therefore, we could consider these changes as real, and they could be an effect attributable to the mandatory isolation.
Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi conhecer as alterações no estado de bem-estar no período de confinamento devido à COVID-19 entre jogadores profissionais de futebol da primeira divisão B do Chile. Vinte e oito jogadores profissionais de futebol masculino participaram, com idade de 26 ± 6,3 anos, massa corporal de 74,2 ± 5,5 kg e altura de 177 ± 0,05 cm. O grau de bem-estar foi avaliado por meio de um questionário (McLean et al., 2010) durante os períodos competitivos e de confinamento da temporada 2020. Forma demonstradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p<0,05) entre o período competitivo e o de confinamento, em FT (t = 2,5; p = 0,0), SO (t = 2,71; p = 0,01), ES (t = 5,07; p = 0,0), EA (t = 1,82; p = 0,08) e T (t = 4,87; p = 0,0). TE pequenos foram refletidos nas variáveis EA e DM (d = 0,7; d = 0,4 respectivamente), moderados em FT e SO (d = 1,0; d = 1,2 respectivamente) e muito grandes em ES e T (d = 2,1; d = 2,0 respectivamente). O PC e o CV entre períodos para as variáveis de bem-estar foram para FT 11% e 11,6%, para DM 5,3% e 13,1%, para SO 9,3%; 7,5%, ES 11,6% e 5,9, para EA 3,9%; 5,2%, e finalmente para T 8,1% e 4,0% respectivamente. É possível concluir que o estado de bem-estar dos jogadores de futebol profissional ficou alterado no período de confinamento em relação ao período de competição, encontrando alterações significativas nas variáveis FT, SO, ES e T, que coincidiram com alterações moderadas a muito grandes nestas mesmas variáveis, assim como o PC foi maior que o CV entre períodos; desta forma, poderíamos considerar estas alterações como reais, e que poderiam ser um efeito atribuível ao isolamento obrigatório.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Fútbol/educación , COVID-19 , ChileRESUMEN
The objective was to analyze the changes in the horizontal force-velocity profile (HFVP) during the execution of repeated sprinting. Methods: Seventeen first-division Chilean soccer players completed a repeated sprint protocol consisting of eight sprints of 30 m with 25-s pauses between repetitions. The behavior of HFVP variables in each attempt was recorded from video recordings and analysis in the MySprint® application. Results: Differences (p < 0.05) were found between sprints in the following: time (T), starting from sprint 5 (F = 35.6; η2p = 0.69); theoretical maximum speed (V0), starting from sprint 4 (F = 29.3; η2p = 0.51); maximum power (PM), starting from sprint 5 (F = 17; η2p = 0.52); rate of decrease in force index produced at each step (DRF), starting from sprint 1 (F = 3.20; η2p = 0.17); and RF10, starting from sprint 1 (F = 15.5; η2p = 0.49). In comparison, F0 and RFpeak did not present any differences (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The HFVP variables more sensitive to the effects of fatigue induced by an RSA protocol are those associated with the production of force at high speeds, being V0, DRF, and Pmax, while those that contribute to the generation of force at the beginning of the sprint, F0 and RFpeak, do not present essential variations.
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Rendimiento Atlético , Carrera , Fútbol , Humanos , Chile , GravitaciónRESUMEN
Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer las relaciones entre indicadores de composición corporal y rendimiento físico en jugadores jóvenes de élite y determinar si existen diferencias entre posiciones de juego y series. La muestra fue de futbolistas seleccionados Sub-15 (n=24) y Sub-17 (n=20) varones, divididos por posición de juego. Se evaluaron indicadores composición corporal, porcentaje de masa grasa (%MG) y porcentaje de masa muscular (%MM). Se evaluaron salto desde sentadilla (SJ), salto con contramovimiento (CMJ), velocidad lineal en 10 (T10) y 30 metros (T30). Se relacionaron variables de composición corporal y rendimiento físico, y se buscaron diferencias entre posiciones de juego y entre categorías. Se hallaron grandes asociaciones significativas en la categoría Sub-15 entre %MM con SJ y CMJ, y moderadas entre %MG con T10, SJ y CMJ. En Sub-17 una asociación significativa grande entre %MM y T30, y entre %MG y T30. Se hallaron diferencias significativas en %MG en la categoría Sub-17, entre los arqueros vs defensas y delanteros. Se encontraron diferencias significativas moderadas en %MM entre categorías y diferencias muy grandes en T10 y T30, y una diferencia moderada en SJ. Es posible concluir que la composición corporal %MM y %MG se relaciona con el rendimiento físico. Además, existen diferencias en %MG entre los arqueros vs los jugadores de campo y diferencias en las variables de composición corporal y rendimiento físico entre jugadores Sub-17 y sub-15. Los resultados obtenidos pueden servir de referencia o de parámetros de comparación de jugadores jóvenes a nivel nacional en la detección de talentos.
Abstract The study aimed to know the relationships between indicators of body composition and physical performance in elite young players and determine if there are differences between playing positions and series. The sample was of selected U-15 (n=24) and U-17 (n=20) male players, divided by playing position. Body composition, fat mass percentage (%MG), and muscle mass percentage (%MM) indicators were evaluated. Also, Squat Jump (SJ), Countermovement Jump (CMJ), linear velocity in 10 (T10) and 30 meters (T30) were evaluated. Body composition and physical performance variables were related, and differences between playing positions and between categories were sought. Significant large associations were found in the U-15 category between %MM with SJ and CMJ and moderate associations between %MG with T10, SJ, and CMJ. In the U-17 category, a significant large association was found between %MM and T30 and between %MG and T30. Significant differences in %MG were found in the U-17 category between goalkeepers vs. defenders and forwards. Moderate significant differences were found in %MM between categories and very large differences in T10 and T30, and a moderate difference in SJ. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the body composition %MM and %MG is related to physical performance. In addition, there are differences in %MG between goalkeepers vs. outfield players and differences in body composition and physical performance variables between U-17 and U-15 players. The results obtained can be used as a reference or as parameters for comparing young players at the national level in the detection of talent.
Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi conhecer as relações entre indicadores de composição corporal e desempenho físico em jovens jogadores de elite e verificar se existem diferenças entre posições de jogo e séries. A amostra foi composta por jogadores de futebol masculino sub-15 (n = 24) e sub-17 (n = 20) selecionados, divididos por posição de jogo. Foram avaliados indicadores de composição corporal, percentual de massa gorda (% MG) e percentual de massa muscular (% MM). Foram avaliados o salto de agachamento (SJ), salto de contra movimento (CMJ), velocidade linear a 10 (T10) e 30 metros (T30). Variáveis de composição corporal e desempenho físico foram relacionadas, e diferenças entre as posições de jogo e entre as categorias foram pesquisadas. Grandes associações significativas foram encontradas na categoria de menores de 15 anos entre% MM com SJ e CMJ, e moderadas entre% MG com T10, SJ e CMJ. Em Sub-17, uma grande associação significativa entre% MM e T30 e entre% MG e T30. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas na % MG na categoria Sub-17, entre goleiros x zagueiros e atacantes. Diferenças moderadas significativas foram encontradas em % MM entre as categorias e diferenças muito grandes em T10 e T30, e uma diferença moderada em SJ. É possível concluir que a composição corporal % MM e% MG está relacionada ao desempenho físico. Além disso, há diferenças na % MG entre goleiros e jogadores de campo e diferenças nas variáveis de composição corporal e desempenho físico entre jogadores Sub-17 e Sub-15. Os resultados obtidos podem servir de referência ou parâmetro de comparação de jovens jogadores a nível nacional para a detecção de talentos.
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Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Adulto , Fútbol , Composición Corporal , ChileRESUMEN
Abstract Introduction: Due to the current COVID-19 pandemic, many countries have implemented control and prevention measures, such as compulsory lockdowns, affecting all spheres of life. Since the field of professional soccer is no exception, such measures may have a negative impact on the player's well-being and their perceived training loads. Objective: To determine the impact of COVID-19 lockdown measures on the training load and the well-being of female professional soccer players in Chile. Materials and methods: Exploratory, cross-sectional, descriptive study conducted on 32 players of the Chile women's national soccer team. The perception of training load and the level of well-being were assessed by means of the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale and a questionnaire developed in 2010, respectively. Both the administration of the questionnaire and the permanent monitoring of the RPE records were carried out in two periods of 12 weeks: regular preparatory phase (12/12/2019-10/03/2020) and lockdown (16/03/2020-07/06/2020). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Wilcoxon test was used to determine if there were significant differences between periods. Results: Significant differences (p<0.05) and threshold effect sizes (ES)=1.2, 2.0 and 4.0 (large, very large, and extremely large, respectively) were found between both periods in all variables evaluated by the well-being questionnaire (except for sleep quality): muscle soreness and stress level (ES=1.9), perceived fatigue (ES=2.5), general well-being (ES=2.4), and mood (ES=4.2). No differences were found regarding the perception of the training load (ES=0.1) between both periods. Conclusions: The level of well-being among the participants was negatively affected by the compulsory lock-down. Therefore, coaching staffs should continue to monitor the level of the well-being of professional soccer players during the lockdown, both individually and collectively. Even though the perception of training load was not affected, it is not possible to state that a more extended period of confinement will not reduce it, resulting in a drop in performance.
Resumen Introducción. Debido a la actual pandemia por COVID-19, muchos países tomaron medidas de control y prevención como el confinamiento obligatorio, afectando todas las esferas de la vida. Ya que los futbolistas profesionales no son una excepción, este tipo de medidas puede tener un impacto negativo en su bienestar y en su percepción sobre las cargas de entrenamiento. Objetivo. Determinar los efectos de las medidas de confinamiento por COVID-19 en la carga de entrenamiento y el grado de bienestar de jugadoras de fútbol profesional de Chile. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal, exploratorio-descriptivo realizado en 32 jugadoras de la Selección Nacional de Fútbol de Chile. El grado de bienestar y la carga de entrenamiento se evaluaron mediante un cuestionario desarrollado en 2010 y mediante la escala de percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo (PSE) y el volumen de entrenamiento expresado en minutos, respectivamente. Ambas evaluaciones se realizaron en 2 periodos de 12 semanas : periodo preparatorio regular (12/12/2019-10/03/2020) y periodo de confinamiento (16/03/2020-07/06/2020). Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva y la prueba de Wilcoxon se utilizó para determinar si hubo diferencias significativas entre ambos periodos. Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p<0.05) y umbrales de tamaño del efecto (TE) iguales a 1.2, 2.0 y 4.0 (grande, muy grande y extremadamente grande, respectivamente) entre ambos periodos en todas las variables evaluadas por el cuestionario de bienestar (a excepción de calidad de sueño): dolor muscular y nivel de estrés (TE=1.9), fatiga percibida (TE=2.5), bienestar general (TE=2.4) y estado de ánimo (TE=4.2). No se observaron diferencias en la PSE (TE=0.1) entre ambos periodos. Conclusiones. El confinamiento obligatorio afectó negativamente el grado de bienestar de las participantes, por lo que es necesario que los cuerpos técnicos monitoreen constantemente, de manera individual y colectiva, el grado de bienestar de los futbolistas profesionales durante estos periodos; si bien la percepción en la carga de entrenamiento no se vio afectada, no es posible asegurar que un periodo mayor de confinamiento no la disminuya y esto resulte en una baja del rendimiento.