RESUMEN
Glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) are composed of oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia. They contribute more than half of the total cells of the CNS, and are essential for neural development and functioning. Studies on the fate specification, differentiation, and functional diversification of glial cells mainly rely on the proper use of cell- or stage-specific molecular markers. However, as cellular markers often exhibit different specificity and sensitivity, careful consideration must be given prior to their application to avoid possible confusion. Here, we provide an updated overview of a list of well-established immunological markers for the labeling of central glia, and discuss the cell-type specificity and stage dependency of their expression.
Asunto(s)
Neuroglía/metabolismo , Sistema Nervioso Central , Oligodendroglía/metabolismo , Astrocitos/metabolismo , MicroglíaRESUMEN
Noxious mechanical information is transmitted through molecularly distinct nociceptors, with pinprick-evoked sharp sensitivity via A-fiber nociceptors marked by developmental expression of the neuropeptide Y receptor 2 (Npy2r) and von Frey filament-evoked punctate pressure information via unmyelinated C fiber nociceptors marked by MrgprD. However, the molecular programs controlling their development are only beginning to be understood. Here we demonstrate that Npy2r-expressing sensory neurons are in fact divided into two groups, based on transient or persistent Npy2r expression. Npy2r-transient neurons are myelinated, likely including A-fiber nociceptors, whereas Npy2r-persistent ones belong to unmyelinated pruriceptors that co-express Nppb. We then showed that the transcription factors NFIA and Runx1 are necessary for the development of Npy2r-transient A-fiber nociceptors and MrgprD C-fiber nociceptors, respectively. Behaviorally, mice with conditional knockout of Nfia, but not Runx1 showed a marked attenuation of pinprick-evoked nocifensive responses. Our studies therefore identify a transcription factor controlling the development of myelinated nociceptors.
RESUMEN
Oligodendrocytes (OLs) are myelinating glial cells that form myelin sheaths around axons to ensure rapid and focal conduction of action potentials. Here, we found that an axonal outgrowth regulatory molecule, AATYK (apoptosis-associated tyrosine kinase), was up-regulated with OL differentiation and remyelination. We therefore studied its role in OL differentiation. The results showed that AATYK knockdown inhibited OL differentiation and the expression of myelin genes in vitro. Moreover, AATYK-deficiency maintained the proliferation status of OLs but did not affect their survival. Thus, AATYK is essential for the differentiation of OLs.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Ratones , Ratas , Animales Recién Nacidos , Proteínas Reguladoras de la Apoptosis , Genética , Metabolismo , Diferenciación Celular , Fisiología , Proliferación Celular , Genética , Células Cultivadas , Cuprizona , Toxicidad , Enfermedades Desmielinizantes , Metabolismo , Patología , Embrión de Mamíferos , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica , Genética , Antígeno Ki-67 , Metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Proteína Básica de Mielina , Metabolismo , Proteína Proteolipídica de la Mielina , Metabolismo , Vaina de Mielina , Metabolismo , Oligodendroglía , Metabolismo , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas , Genética , Metabolismo , ARN Interferente Pequeño , Genética , Metabolismo , Ratas Sprague-DawleyRESUMEN
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) claims approximately 10,000 new victims each year in the United States alone. The injury usually strikes those under the age of 30 years, often leading to a lifetime of pain, suffering, and disability. Therapeutic agents targeting spinal cord injury are sorely lacking, and therefore our laboratory endeavored to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits of immediate post-injury administration of the vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP). VCP is a multifunctional anti-inflammatory protein that can inhibit both pathways of complement activation and bind heparin. Utilizing a common animal model of contusion SCI, motor function recovery tests, and immunochemical stains, we evaluated the effects of VCP injected into spinal cord tissue following injury. Results demonstrate that VCP administration inhibits macrophage infiltration, reduces spinal cord destruction, and improves hind-limb function, establishing VCP as a strong candidate for further investigation in the treatment of SCI.