RESUMEN
The extent to which pre-Columbian societies altered Amazonian landscapes is hotly debated. We performed a basin-wide analysis of pre-Columbian impacts on Amazonian forests by overlaying known archaeological sites in Amazonia with the distributions and abundances of 85 woody species domesticated by pre-Columbian peoples. Domesticated species are five times more likely than nondomesticated species to be hyperdominant. Across the basin, the relative abundance and richness of domesticated species increase in forests on and around archaeological sites. In southwestern and eastern Amazonia, distance to archaeological sites strongly influences the relative abundance and richness of domesticated species. Our analyses indicate that modern tree communities in Amazonia are structured to an important extent by a long history of plant domestication by Amazonian peoples.
Asunto(s)
Domesticación , Bosques , Árboles , Brasil , Historia Antigua , HumanosRESUMEN
In molecular biology studies of Anura, nondestructive methods to obtain genetic material are needed as alternatives to toe clipping. This work evaluates a nondestructive method for sampling DNA from blood puncture, comparing the performance of three different extraction protocols (Qiagen Kit, Salting-out and Chelex). We collected 134 individuals of Eleutherodactylus johnstonei, extracting blood via puncture of the medial vein using commercial-grade glucometer lancets. We extracted 100-1880 ng DNA, finding no differences between the extraction protocols. We compared the quality of the resulting DNA through amplification and sequencing of the 16S mitochondrial gene. Amplification was successful for the three extraction protocols, although Chelex showed better performance, making it the most recommendable protocol for extraction of DNA from blood. The resulting sequences corresponded to those registered in the GenBank for this species. Additionally, we found no significant differences in survival or weight change between the individuals that were manipulated and a control group (mean survival 66.7% treated, 62.9% untreated). Data reveal that blood samples obtained by puncture are a convenient alternative to other tissues (phalange, buccal swab, liver) that have traditionally been used as DNA sources for anurans. The technique is applicable to small and large species, covering most anuran diversity, provides enough DNA for many genetic applications and produces no noticeable effect on the survival or performance, given that it does not affect the motor parts or the dexterity of the animals.
Asunto(s)
Anuros/genética , ADN Mitocondrial/sangre , ADN Mitocondrial/aislamiento & purificación , Punciones/métodos , Manejo de Especímenes/métodos , Animales , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNAsunto(s)
Conducta Anticonceptiva , Aborto Inducido , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Tasa de Natalidad , Anticoncepción/métodos , Demografía , El Salvador , Servicios de Planificación Familiar , Femenino , Fertilidad , Objetivos , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mortalidad , Embarazo , Población Rural , Población UrbanaRESUMEN
Presentation is made of a case in a premature newborn, the offspring of a mother with bilateral pulmonary tuberculosis, of placental lesions suggestive of tuberculosis and acute miliary congenital tuberculosis with lesions in liver, spleen, lymph nodes and lungs due to a possible blood stream dissemination starting from the placental infection.