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Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are very common worldwide. According to their symptomatology, these infections are classified as pyelonephritis, cystitis, or asymptomatic bacteriuria (AB). Approximately 75-95% of UTIs are caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), which is an extraintestinal bacterium that possesses virulence factors for bacterial adherence and invasion in the urinary tract. In addition, UPEC possesses type 6 secretion systems (T6SS) as virulence mechanisms that can participate in bacterial competition and in bacterial pathogenicity. UPEC UMN026 carries three genes, namely, ECUMN_0231, ECUMN_0232, and ECUMN_0233, which encode three uncharacterized proteins related to the T6SS that are conserved in strains from phylogroups B2 and D and have been proposed as biomarkers of UTIs. Aim: To analyze the frequency of the ECUMN_0231, ECUMN_0232, ECUMN_0233, and vgrG genes in UTI isolates, as well as their expression in Luria Bertani (LB) medium and urine; to determine whether these genes are related to UTI symptoms or bacterial competence and to identify functional domains on the putative proteins. Methods: The frequency of the ECUMN and vgrG genes in 99 clinical isolates from UPEC was determined by endpoint PCR. The relationship between gene presence and UTI symptomatology was determined using the chi2 test, with p < 0.05 considered to indicate statistical significance. The expression of the three ECUMN genes and vgrG was analyzed by RT-PCR. The antibacterial activity of strain UMN026 was determined by bacterial competence assays. The identification of functional domains and the docking were performed using bioinformatic tools. Results: The ECUMN genes are conserved in 33.3% of clinical isolates from patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic UTIs and have no relationship with UTI symptomatology. Of the ECUMN+ isolates, only five (15.15%, 5/33) had the three ECUMN and vgrG genes. These genes were expressed in LB broth and urine in UPEC UMN026 but not in all the clinical isolates. Strain UMN026 had antibacterial activity against UPEC clinical isolate 4014 (ECUMN-) and E. faecalis but not against isolate 4012 (ECUMN+). Bioinformatics analysis suggested that the ECUMN genes encode a chaperone/effector/immunity system. Conclusions: The ECUMN genes are conserved in clinical isolates from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients and are not related to UTI symptoms. However, these genes encode a putative chaperone/effector/immunity system that seems to be involved in the antibacterial activity of strain UMN026.
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Infecciones por Escherichia coli , Proteínas de Escherichia coli , Chaperonas Moleculares , Infecciones Urinarias , Escherichia coli Uropatógena , Escherichia coli Uropatógena/inmunología , Escherichia coli Uropatógena/genética , Escherichia coli Uropatógena/patogenicidad , Humanos , Infecciones Urinarias/microbiología , Infecciones Urinarias/inmunología , Chaperonas Moleculares/genética , Chaperonas Moleculares/metabolismo , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/inmunología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/inmunología , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Femenino , Factores de Virulencia/genética , Factores de Virulencia/inmunología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , AdultoRESUMEN
(1) Background: Chagas disease is the main neglected tropical disease in America. It is estimated that around 6 million people are currently infected with the parasite in Latin America, and 25 million live in endemic areas with active transmission. The disease causes an estimated economic loss of USD 24 billion dollars annually, with a loss of 75,200 working years per year of life; it is responsible for around ~12,000 deaths annually. Although Mexico is an endemic country that recorded 10,186 new cases of Chagas disease during the period of 1990-2017, few studies have evaluated the genetic diversity of genes that could be involved in the prophylaxis and/or diagnosis of the parasite. One of the possible candidates proposed as a vaccine target is the 24 kDa trypomastigote excretory-secretory protein, Tc24, whose protection is linked to the stimulation of T. cruzi-specific CD8+ immune responses. (2) Methods: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the fine-scale genetic diversity and structure of Tc24 in T. cruzi isolates from Mexico, and to compare them with other populations reported in the Americas with the aim to reconsider the potential role of Tc24 as a key candidate for the prophylaxis and improvement of the diagnosis of Chagas disease in Mexico. (3) Results: Of the 25 Mexican isolates analysed, 48% (12) were recovered from humans and 24% (6) recovered from Triatoma barberi and Triatoma dimidiata. Phylogenetic inferences revealed a polytomy in the T. cruzi clade with two defined subgroups, one formed by all sequences of the DTU I and the other formed by DTU II-VI; both subgroups had high branch support. Genetic population analysis detected a single (monomorphic) haplotype of TcI throughout the entire distribution across both Mexico and South America. This information was supported by Nei's pairwise distances, where the sequences of TcI showed no genetic differences. (4) Conclusions: Given that both previous studies and the findings of the present work confirmed that TcI is the only genotype detected from human isolates obtained from various states of Mexico, and that there is no significant genetic variability in any of them, it is possible to propose the development of in silico strategies for the production of antigens that optimise the diagnosis of Chagas disease, such as quantitative ELISA methods that use this region of Tc24.
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PURPOSE: Methylene blue (MB) has been tested as a rescue therapy for patients with refractory septic shock. However, there is a lack of evidence on MB as an adjuvant therapy, its' optimal timing, dosing and safety profile. We aimed to assess whether early adjunctive MB can reduce time to vasopressor discontinuation in patients with septic shock. METHODS: In this single-center randomized controlled trial, we assigned patients with septic shock according to Sepsis-3 criteria to MB or placebo. Primary outcome was time to vasopressor discontinuation at 28 days. Secondary outcomes included vasopressor-free days at 28 days, days on mechanical ventilator, length of stay in ICU and hospital, and mortality at 28 days. RESULTS: Among 91 randomized patients, forty-five were assigned to MB and 46 to placebo. The MB group had a shorter time to vasopressor discontinuation (69 h [IQR 59-83] vs 94 h [IQR 74-141]; p < 0.001), one more day of vasopressor-free days at day 28 (p = 0.008), a shorter ICU length of stay by 1.5 days (p = 0.039) and shorter hospital length of stay by 2.7 days (p = 0.027) compared to patients in the control group. Days on mechanical ventilator and mortality were similar. There were no serious adverse effects related to MB administration. CONCLUSION: In patients with septic shock, MB initiated within 24 h reduced time to vasopressor discontinuation and increased vasopressor-free days at 28 days. It also reduced length of stay in ICU and hospital without adverse effects. Our study supports further research regarding MB in larger randomized clinical trials. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov registration number NCT04446871 , June 25, 2020, retrospectively registered.
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Sepsis , Choque Séptico , Humanos , Azul de Metileno/farmacología , Azul de Metileno/uso terapéutico , Vasoconstrictores/uso terapéutico , Sepsis/complicacionesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Awake prone positioning (APP) improves oxygenation in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients and, when successful, may decrease the risk of intubation. However, factors associated with APP success remain unknown. In this secondary analysis, we aimed to assess whether APP can reduce intubation rate in patients with COVID-19 and to focus on the factors associated with success. METHODS: In this multicenter randomized controlled trial, conducted in three high-acuity units, we randomly assigned patients with COVID-19-induced acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) requiring high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygen to APP or standard care. Primary outcome was intubation rate at 28 days. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify the predictors associated to treatment success (survival without intubation). RESULTS: Among 430 patients randomized, 216 were assigned to APP and 214 to standard care. The APP group had a lower intubation rate (30% vs 43%, relative risk [RR] 0.70; CI95 0.54-0.90, P = 0.006) and shorter hospital length of stay (11 interquartile range [IQR, 9-14] vs 13 [IQR, 10-17] days, P = 0.001). A respiratory rate ≤ 25 bpm at enrollment, an increase in ROX index > 1.25 after first APP session, APP duration > 8 h/day, and a decrease in lung ultrasound score ≥ 2 within the first 3 days were significantly associated with treatment success for APP. CONCLUSION: In patients with COVID-19-induced AHRF treated by HFNC, APP reduced intubation rate and improved treatment success. A longer APP duration is associated with APP success, while the increase in ROX index and decrease in lung ultrasound score after APP can also help identify patients most likely to benefit. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was retrospectively registered in ClinicalTrials.gov at July 20, 2021. Identification number NCT04477655. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04477655?term=PRO-CARF&draw=2&rank=1.
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COVID-19 , Insuficiencia Respiratoria , COVID-19/complicaciones , COVID-19/terapia , Cánula , Humanos , Posición Prona , Insuficiencia Respiratoria/complicaciones , Insuficiencia Respiratoria/terapia , VigiliaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Airway pressure release ventilation is a ventilatory mode characterized by a mandatory inverse inspiratory:expiratory ratio with a very short expiratory phase, aimed to avoid derecruitment and allow spontaneous breathing. Recent basic and clinical evidence suggests that this mode could be associated with improved outcomes in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes between airway pressure release ventilation and traditional ventilation targeting low tidal volume, in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019. DESIGN: Single-center randomized controlled trial. SETTING: ICU of a Mexican referral center dedicated to care of patients with confirmed diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019. PATIENTS: Ninety adult intubated patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019. INTERVENTIONS: Within 48 hours after intubation, patients were randomized to either receive ventilatory management with airway pressure release ventilation or continue low tidal volume ventilation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Forty-five patients in airway pressure release ventilation group and 45 in the low tidal volume group were included. Ventilator-free days were 3.7 (0-15) and 5.2 (0-19) in the airway pressure release ventilation and low tidal volume groups, respectively (p = 0.28). During the first 7 days, patients in airway pressure release ventilation had a higher Pao2/Fio2 (mean difference, 26 [95%CI, 13-38]; p < 0.001) and static compliance (mean difference, 3.7 mL/cm H2O [95% CI, 0.2-7.2]; p = 0.03), higher mean airway pressure (mean difference, 3.1 cm H2O [95% CI, 2.1-4.1]; p < 0.001), and higher tidal volume (mean difference, 0.76 mL/kg/predicted body weight [95% CI, 0.5-1.0]; p < 0.001). More patients in airway pressure release ventilation had transient severe hypercapnia, defined as an elevation of Pco2 at greater than or equal to 55 along with a pH less than 7.15 (42% vs 15%; p = 0.009); other outcomes were similar. Overall mortality was 69%, with no difference between the groups (78% in airway pressure release ventilation vs 60% in low tidal volume; p = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, when compared with low tidal volume, airway pressure release ventilation was not associated with more ventilator-free days or improvement in other relevant outcomes in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019.
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COVID-19/complicaciones , Presión de las Vías Aéreas Positiva Contínua , Respiración Artificial/métodos , Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria/terapia , Adulto , Anciano , COVID-19/mortalidad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Persona de Mediana Edad , Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria/etiología , Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria/mortalidad , Volumen de Ventilación PulmonarRESUMEN
Resumen: Introducción: preeclampsia, la complicación más común del embarazo, ocasiona más de 76,000 muertes maternas al año, principalmente por complicaciones neurológicas. La alteración en la vasorregulación cerebral es clave en la patogénesis de dichas complicaciones. La ecografía Doppler transcraneal (EDT) evalúa el flujo de las principales arterias cerebrales, pero se desconocen los cambios que presentan las pacientes con preeclampsia/eclampsia. Objetivo: descripción de los cambios en el flujo sanguíneo cerebral evaluados mediante EDT en pacientes con preeclampsia/eclampsia. Material y métodos: se realizó EDT a las pacientes con diagnóstico de preeclampsia y/o eclampsia atendidas de forma consecutiva en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, del 01 de marzo de 2019 al 01 de marzo de 2021 y grupo control de embarazadas sanas; describimos el patrón de flujo de las arterias cerebrales anterior, media, posterior y arteria basilar. Resultados: Ochenta pacientes, 50 con preeclampsia/eclampsia y 30 embarazadas sanas, edad 23 ± 6.7, 50% primigestas, 34.8 ± 4.3 semanas de gestación. La presión de perfusión cerebral de las arterias cerebrales media derecha > 74 mmHg (sensibilidad 0.88, especificidad 0.86, ABC 0.92) y anterior derecha > 69 mmHg (sensibilidad 0.89, especificidad 0.93, ABC 0.92) tuvieron la mayor asociación con preeclampsia/eclampsia. El índice de flujo sanguíneo de las arterias cerebrales posteriores tuvo asociación significativa con eclampsia (p = 0.02), ABC: 0.695 (p = 0.009), punto de corte ≥ 34.6 cm/s (sensibilidad 1.0, especificidad 0.43, OR 26). Conclusiones: un incremento generalizado de la presión de perfusión es el hallazgo más común en preeclampsia/eclampsia. Aumento en el índice de flujo sanguíneo en las arterias cerebrales posteriores se asocia a complicaciones neurológicas graves en pacientes con preeclampsia.
Abstract: Introduction: preeclampsia, the most common complication of pregnancy, leads to > 76,000 maternal deaths annually, mainly due to neurological complications. An alteration in cerebral vasoregulation is key in the pathogenesis of these complications. Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound (TCD) evaluates the flow of the main cerebral arteries and could help to predict the development of preeclampsia/eclampsia and its complications. Objective: to determine the most frequent cerebral blood flow changes in preeclampsia/eclampsia. Material and methods: we prospectively analyzed by TCD patients with preeclampsia/eclampsia on admission to the ICU. Results: Eighty patients, 50 with preeclampsia/eclampsia and 30 healthy pregnant women, age 23 ± 6.7, 50% primigravida, 34.8 ± 4.3 weeks gestation. Cerebral perfusion pressure of right middle cerebral arteries > 74 mmHg (sensitivity 0.88, specificity 0.86, AUC 0.92) and right anterior cerebral arteries > 69 mmHg (sensitivity 0.89, specificity 0.93, AUC 0.92), had the highest association with preeclampsia/eclampsia. Posterior cerebral artery blood flow index had significant association with eclampsia (p = 0.02), AUC 0.695 (p = 0.009), with a cut-off ≥ 34.6 cm/s (sensitivity 1.0, specificity 0.43, OR 26). Conclusions: a generalized increase in perfusion pressure is the most common finding in preeclampsia/eclampsia. Hyper flow in the posterior cerebral arteries may predict severe neurological complications.
Resumo: Introdução: a pré-eclâmpsia, complicação mais comum da gravidez, causa mais de 76,000 mortes maternas anualmente, principalmente devido a complicações neurológicas. A vasorregulação cerebral alterada é fundamental na patogênese dessas complicações. A ultrassonografia Doppler transcraniana (DTC) avalia o fluxo das principais artérias cerebrais, as alterações que os pacientes com pré-eclâmpsia/eclâmpsia apresentam são desconhecidas. Objetivo: descrição das alterações do fluxo sanguíneo cerebral avaliados por DTC em pacientes com pré-eclâmpsia/eclâmpsia. Material e métodos: DTC foi realizado em pacientes com diagnóstico de pré-eclâmpsia e/ou eclâmpsia tratados consecutivamente na unidade de terapia intensiva do Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, de 1o de março de 2019 a 1o de março de 2021 e um grupo controle de gestantes saudáveis; descrevemos o padrão de fluxo das artérias cerebrais anterior, média, posterior e da artéria basilar. Resultados: 80 pacientes, 50 com pré-eclâmpsia/eclâmpsia e 30 gestantes saudáveis, idade 23 ± 6.7, 50% primíparas, 34.8 ± 4.3 semanas de gestação. A pressão de perfusão cerebral das artérias cerebrais médias direitas > 74 mmHg (sensibilidade 0.88, especificidade 0.86, AUC 0.92) e anterior direita > 69 mmHg (sensibilidade 0.89, especificidade 0.93, AUC 0.92), teve a maior associação com pré-eclâmpsia/eclâmpsia. O índice de fluxo sanguíneo das artérias cerebrais posteriores, teve associação significativa com eclâmpsia (p = 0.02), AUC: 0.695 (p = 0.009), ponto de corte ≥ 34.6 cm/s (sensibilidade 1.0, especificidade 0.43, OR 26). Conclusões: Um aumento generalizado da pressão de perfusão é o achado mais comum na pré-eclâmpsia/eclâmpsia. O aumento da taxa de fluxo sanguíneo nas artérias cerebrais posteriores está associado a complicações neurológicas graves em pacientes com pré-eclâmpsia.
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BACKGROUND: Data on short-term peripheral intravenous catheter-related bloodstream infections per 1,000 peripheral venous catheter days (PIVCR BSIs per 1,000 PVC days) rates from Latin America are not available, so they have not been thoroughly studied. METHODS: International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) members conducted a prospective, surveillance study on PIVCR BSIs from January 2010 to March 2018 in 100 intensive care units (ICUs) among 41 hospitals, in 26 cities of 9 countries in Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican-Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, and Venezuela). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Health Safety Network (NHSN) definitions were applied, and INICC methodology and INICC Surveillance Online System software were used. RESULTS: In total, 10,120 ICU patients were followed for 40,078 bed days and 38,262 PVC days. In addition, 79 PIVCR BSIs were identified, with a rate of 2.06 per 1,000 PVC days (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.635-2.257). The average length of stay (ALOS) of patients without a PIVCR BSI was 3.95 days, and the ALOS was 5.29 days for patients with a PIVCR BSI. The crude extra ALOS was 1.34 days (RR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.0975-1.6351; P = .040).The mortality rate in patients without PIVCR BSI was 3.67%, and this rate was 6.33% in patients with a PIVCR BSI. The crude extra mortality was 1.70 times higher. The microorganism profile showed 48.5% gram-positive bacteria (coagulase-negative Staphylococci 25.7%) and 48.5% gram-negative bacteria: Acinetobacter spp, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella spp (8.5% each one), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.7%), and Candida spp (2.8%). The resistances of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 0% to amikacin and 50% to meropenem. The resistance of Acinetobacter baumanii to amikacin was 0%, and the resistance of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus to oxacillin was 75%. CONCLUSIONS: Our PIVCR BSI rates were higher than rates from more economically developed countries and were similar to those of countries with limited resources.
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Infección Hospitalaria , Sepsis , Argentina , Brasil , Catéteres , Colombia , Costa Rica , Infección Hospitalaria/epidemiología , República Dominicana/epidemiología , Ecuador/epidemiología , Humanos , Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos , América Latina/epidemiología , México , Panamá , Estudios Prospectivos , VenezuelaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of prone positioning therapy on intubation rate in awake patients with COVID-19 and acute respiratory failure. TRIAL DESIGN: This is a two-center parallel group, superiority, randomized (1:1 allocation ratio) controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS: All patients admitted to the Hospital Civil de Guadalajara and Hospital General de Occidente in Mexico for COVID-19 associated acute respiratory failure and in need of supplementary oxygen through high-flow nasal cannula are screened for eligibility. INCLUSION CRITERIA: all adult patients admitted to the COVID-19 unit who test positive for COVID-19 by PCR-test and in need for oxygen are eligible for inclusion. Randomization starts upon identification of requirement of a fraction of inspired oxygen ≥30% for an oxygen capillary saturation of ≥90% Exclusion criteria: less than 18 years-old, pregnancy, patients with immediate need of invasive mechanical ventilation (altered mental status, fatigue), vasopressor requirement to maintain median arterial pressure >65 mmHg, contraindications for prone positioning therapy (recent abdominal or thoracic surgery or trauma, facial, pelvic or spine fracture, untreated pneumothorax, do-not-resuscitate or do-not-intubate order, refusal or inability of the patient to enroll in the study. INTERVENTION AND COMPARATOR: Patients of the intervention group will be asked to remain in a prone position throughout the day as long as possible, with breaks according to tolerance. Pillows will be offered for maximizing comfort at chest, pelvis and knees. Monitoring of vital signs will not be suspended. Inspired fraction of oxygen will be titrated to maintain a capillary saturation of 92%-95%. For patients in the control group, prone positioning will be allowed as a rescue therapy. Staff intensivists will monitor the patient's status in both groups on a 24/7 basis. All other treatment will be unchanged and left to the attending physicians. MAIN OUTCOMES: Endotracheal intubation rate for mechanical ventilation at 28 days. RANDOMISATION: Patients will be randomly allocated to either prone positioning or control group at 1:1 ratio. Such randomization will be computer generated and stratified by center with permuted blocks and length of 4. BLINDING (MASKING): Due to logistical reasons, only principal investigators and the data analyst will be blinded to group assignment. NUMBERS TO BE RANDOMISED (SAMPLE SIZE): With an intubation rate of 60% according to recent reports from some American centers, and assuming a decrease to 40% to be clinically relevant, we calculated a total of 96 patients per group, for a beta error of 0.2, and alpha of 0.5. Therefore, we plan to recruit 200 patients, accounting for minimal losses to follow up, with 100 non-intubated patients in the prone position group and a 100 in the control group. TRIAL STATUS: The local registration number is 048-20, with the protocol version number 2.0. The date of approval is 3rd May 2020. Recruitment started on 3rd May and is expected to end in December 2020. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The protocol was retrospectively registered under the title: "Prone Positioning in Non-intubated Patients With COVID-19 Associated Acute Respiratory Failure. The PRO-CARF trial" in ClinicalTrials.gov with the registration number: NCT04477655. Registered on 20 July 2020. FULL PROTOCOL: The full protocol is attached as an additional file, accessible from the Trials website (Additional file 1). In the interest in expediting dissemination of this material, the familiar formatting has been eliminated; this Letter serves as a summary of the key elements of the full protocol. The study protocol has been reported in accordance with the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Clinical Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) guidelines (Additional file 2).
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Infecciones por Coronavirus/complicaciones , Intubación Intratraqueal/instrumentación , Oxígeno/uso terapéutico , Neumonía Viral/complicaciones , Posición Prona/fisiología , Insuficiencia Respiratoria/etiología , Enfermedad Aguda , Adulto , Betacoronavirus/genética , COVID-19 , Cánula/efectos adversos , Cánula/provisión & distribución , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/virología , Femenino , Hospitalización , Humanos , Intubación Intratraqueal/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Oxígeno/administración & dosificación , Oxígeno/sangre , Oxígeno/provisión & distribución , Pandemias , Posicionamiento del Paciente/métodos , Neumonía Viral/epidemiología , Neumonía Viral/virología , Insuficiencia Respiratoria/fisiopatología , Insuficiencia Respiratoria/terapia , SARS-CoV-2RESUMEN
Los antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINE) constituye una familia farmacológica que comparten efectos antipiréticos, analgésicos y lógicamente anti inflamatorios a través de su capacidad para inhibir la producción de prostaglandina. El término no esteroideo refiere a sus efectos similares a los corticoides, pero sin las consecuencias secundarias que son característicos de los esteroides. Los fármacos que están incluidos son variados, siendo los más tradicionales el Ibuprofeno, AAS, ketoprofeno, ketorolaco, Naproxeno, entre otros
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Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto del marketing mix en el incremento de inscripciones a los servicios de capacitación en el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Materiales y métodos: Es un estudio analítico, observacional, longitudinal y retrospectivo de 6 años en la tendencia de inscripciones a los programas de capacitación con base en el uso del marketing mix. Se aplicó la prueba R de Pearson para correlacionar las variables: precio, plaza, posicionamiento, producto y promoción con el número de inscripciones. Resultados: Se encontró un incremento en inscripciones de 167% después de utilizar el marketing mix en el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social a través de la capacitación presencial, a distancia y laboral. Conclusiones: Las estrategias de mercadotecnia aplicadas de 2008 a 2013 fue la diversificación del producto (servicios "cursos, talleres, pláticas"); la continuidad o exención en los precios; la variación en la oferta de nuevas plazas para acceder a la capacitación; uso de diversos medios de promoción; así como un posicionamiento de las prestaciones sociales. Una vez establecida la relación entre el marketing mix y el nivel de incremento en inscripciones con base en la prueba R de Pearson dio como resultado de un grado de significancia de 0.839. El marketing mix se puede aplicar a instituciones privadas, sociales y públicas.
Abstract Objective: To evaluate the impact of the marketing mix in the increase enrollments training services at the Mexican Social Security Institute. Materials and methods: Analytical, observational, longitudinal and retrospective study of 6 years in the trend in enrollment training programs based on the use of marketing mix. The Pearson R test was applied to correlate the variables: price, place, positioning, product and promotion with the number of entries. Results: An increase in registrations of 167% was found after using the marketing mix in the Mexican Social Security Institute through face-to-face, distance and labor training. Conclusions: The marketing strategies applied from 2008 to 2013 were the diversification of the product (services "courses,workshops, talks"); the continuity or exemption in prices; the variation in the offer of new places to access the training; use of various means of promotion; as well as a positioning of the Social Benefits. Once established the relationship between the marketing mix and the level of increase in enrollments based on the Pearson R test resulted in a degree of significance of 0.839. Marketing can be applied to private, social and public institutions.
Résumé Objectif: Évaluer l'impact du marketing-mix sur l'augmentation du nombre d'inscriptions aux services de formation de l'Institut mexicain de la sécurité sociale. Matériaux et méthodes: étude analytique, observationnelle, longitudinale et rétrospective de 6 ans dans la tendance des inscriptions aux programmes de formation basés sur l'utilisation du marketing-mix. Le test Pearson R a été appliqué pour établir une corrélation entre les variables: prix, emplacement, positionnement, produit et promotion avec le nombre d'enregistrement. Résultats: une augmentation des inscriptions de 167% a été constatée après utilisation du marketing-mix à l'Institut mexicain de sécurité sociale par le biais de formations en face à face, à distance et par le travail. Conclusions: Les stratégies marketing appliquées de 2008 à 2013 étaient la diversification du produit (services "cours, ateliers, conférences"); la continuité ou l'exonération des prix; une variation dans l'offre de nouveaux lieux d'accès à la formation; utilisation de divers moyens de promotion; ainsi qu'un positionnement des avantages sociaux. Une fois établie la relation entre le marketing-mix et le niveau d'augmentation du nombre d'inscriptions basé sur le test Pearson R s'est traduit par un degré de signification de 0,839. Le marketing-mix peut être appliqué aux institutions privées, sociales et publiques.
Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto do marketing mix no aumento das inscrições aos serviços de formação do Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo analítico, observacional, longitudinal e retrospetivo de 6 anos sobre as inscrições a programas de formação com base na utilização do marketing mix. Aplicou-se o teste de Pearson R para correlacionar as variáveis: preço, local, posicionamento, produto e promoção com o número de inscrições. Resultados: Constatou-se um aumento de inscrições de 167% após o uso do marketing mix no Instituto Mexicano de Previdência Social, por meio de formação presencial, à distância e laboral. Conclusões: As estratégias de marketing aplicadas de 2008 a 2013 centraram-se na diversificação do produto (serviços "cursos, workshops, palestras"); a continuidade ou isenção de preços; a variação na oferta de novas vagas para aceder à formação; o uso de vários meios de promoção, bem como um posicionamento dos benefícios sociais. Depois de estabelecida a relação entre o marketing mix e o nível de aumento de inscrições com base no teste R de Pearson resultou de um grau de significância de 0,839. O marketing mix pode ser aplicado a instituições privadas, sociais e públicas.
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We found Rickettsia parkeri in Amblyomma ovale ticks collected in Veracruz, Mexico, in 2018. We sequenced gene segments of gltA, htrA, sca0, and sca5; phylogenetic reconstruction revealed near-complete identity with R. parkeri strain Atlantic Rainforest. Enhanced surveillance is needed in Mexico to determine the public health relevance of this bacterium.
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Rickettsia/clasificación , Rickettsia/genética , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/epidemiología , Garrapatas/microbiología , Animales , Femenino , Genes Bacterianos , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Filogenia , Vigilancia en Salud PúblicaAsunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Mortalidad Infantil , Mortalidad Materna , Estado de Salud , Indicadores de Salud , Ética MédicaRESUMEN
Introducción: el maltrato es un tipo de violencia que sigue en aumento, pero esto no se ha descrito en poblaciones de Los Andes peruanos. Objetivo: determinar los factores socio-educativos asociados a la percepción de maltrato físico y psicológico, en 31 colegios de nivel secundario de una ciudad de la serranía peruana. Métodos: estudio de tipo transversal analítico. La población de estudio estuvo conformada por 10 382 escolares, de 31 instituciones educativas públicas y privadas, de nivel secundario, de la ciudad de Huancayo-Perú. Las variables principales fueron: haber sufrido maltrato físico y psicológico, que se obtuvo de una encuesta -previamente validada- en nuestro medio. Se obtuvieron asociaciones estadísticas. Resultados: los maltratos psicológicos y físicos más frecuentes fueron: el haber recibido gritos y carga académica excesiva, respectivamente. Estuvieron asociados al maltrato psicológico el sexo femenino (razón de prevalencia ajustada [RPa]: 0,86; intervalo de confianza [IC] 95 por ciento: 0,81-0,90; valor p< 0,001), el estudiar en colegio nacional (RPa: 0,83; IC 95 por ciento: 0,79-0,88; valor p< 0,001), la edad (RPa: 1,05; IC 95 por ciento: 1,02-1,10; valor p= 0,003), el año de estudios (RPa: 1,04; IC 95 por ciento: 1,01-1,10; valor p= 0,020), la condición de repitente (RPa: 1,20; IC 95 por ciento: 1,09-1,31; valor p< 0,001), así como el color de la piel (RPa: 1,22; IC 95 por ciento: 1,00-1,49; valor p= 0,046). Por su parte, se asoció al maltrato físico el sexo femenino (RPa: 0,77; IC 95 por ciento: 0,74-0,80; valor p< 0,001), el ser de colegio nacional (RPa: 0,91; IC 95 por ciento: 0,88-0,95; valor p< 0,001), la edad (RPa: 1,03; IC 95 por ciento: 1,01-1,05; valor p= 0,014) y la condición de repitente (RPa: 1,08; IC 95 por ciento: 1,01-1,15; valor p= 0,015). Conclusiones: el maltrato se asocia con muchas características particulares, por lo que deben generarse programas de detección y apoyo a las víctimas(AU)
Introduction: abuse is a type of violence that continues to increase, but this has not been described in populations of the Peruvian Andes. Objective: to determine the socio-educational factors associated with the perception of physical and psychological abuse in 31 secondary schools in a city in the Peruvian highlands. Methods: analytical, cross-sectional study. The studied population consisted of 10 382 schoolchildren from 31 public and private educational institutions of secondary level, from the city of Huancayo, Peru. The main variables were having suffered physical and psychological abuse, and this data was obtained from a survey -previously validated- in our environment. Statistical associations were obtained. Results: the most frequent psychological and physical abuses were: having received shouts and excessive academic load, respectively. Associated with psychological abuse was the female sex (adjusted prevalence ratio [RPa]: 0.86; confidence interval [CI] 95 percent: 0.81-0.90; p value < 0.001), to study in a national college ( RPa: 0.83, 95 percent CI: 0.79-0.88; p value < 0.001); age (RPa: 1.05, 95 percent CI: 1.02-1.10; p value= 0.003); the year of studies (RPa: 1.04, 95 percent CI: 1.01-1.10; p value= 0.020), the condition of being an student repeating the year (RPa: 1.20; 95 percent CI: 1.09-1,31, p value< 0.001); as well as skin color (RPa: 1.22; 95 percent CI: 1.00-1.49; percentp value= 0.046). On the other hand were associated to physical abuse: the female sex (RPa: 0.77, 95 percent CI: 0.74-0.80, p value< 0.001), being in a national school (RPa: 0.91; 95 percent: 0.88-0.95; p value< 0.001), age (RPa: 1.03; 95 percent CI: 1.01-1.05; p value= 0.014) and the condition of being an student repeating the year (RPa: 1.08; 95 percent CI: 1.01-1.15; p value= 0.015). Conclusions: abuse is associated with many particular characteristics, which is why screening and support programs for victims must be generated(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Acoso Escolar/prevención & control , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Estudios Transversales , PerúRESUMEN
Introducción: el maltrato es un tipo de violencia que sigue en aumento, pero esto no se ha descrito en poblaciones de Los Andes peruanos. Objetivo: determinar los factores socio-educativos asociados a la percepción de maltrato físico y psicológico, en 31 colegios de nivel secundario de una ciudad de la serranía peruana. Métodos: estudio de tipo transversal analítico. La población de estudio estuvo conformada por 10 382 escolares, de 31 instituciones educativas públicas y privadas, de nivel secundario, de la ciudad de Huancayo-Perú. Las variables principales fueron: haber sufrido maltrato físico y psicológico, que se obtuvo de una encuesta -previamente validada- en nuestro medio. Se obtuvieron asociaciones estadísticas. Resultados: los maltratos psicológicos y físicos más frecuentes fueron: el haber recibido gritos y carga académica excesiva, respectivamente. Estuvieron asociados al maltrato psicológico el sexo femenino (razón de prevalencia ajustada [RPa]: 0,86; intervalo de confianza [IC] 95 por ciento: 0,81-0,90; valor p< 0,001), el estudiar en colegio nacional (RPa: 0,83; IC 95 por ciento: 0,79-0,88; valor p< 0,001), la edad (RPa: 1,05; IC 95 por ciento: 1,02-1,10; valor p= 0,003), el año de estudios (RPa: 1,04; IC 95 por ciento: 1,01-1,10; valor p= 0,020), la condición de repitente (RPa: 1,20; IC 95 por ciento: 1,09-1,31; valor p< 0,001), así como el color de la piel (RPa: 1,22; IC 95 por ciento: 1,00-1,49; valor p= 0,046). Por su parte, se asoció al maltrato físico el sexo femenino (RPa: 0,77; IC 95 por ciento: 0,74-0,80; valor p< 0,001), el ser de colegio nacional (RPa: 0,91; IC 95 por ciento: 0,88-0,95; valor p< 0,001), la edad (RPa: 1,03; IC 95 por ciento: 1,01-1,05; valor p= 0,014) y la condición de repitente (RPa: 1,08; IC 95 por ciento: 1,01-1,15; valor p= 0,015). Conclusiones: el maltrato se asocia con muchas características particulares, por lo que deben generarse programas de detección y apoyo a las víctimas(AU)
Introduction: abuse is a type of violence that continues to increase, but this has not been described in populations of the Peruvian Andes. Objective: to determine the socio-educational factors associated with the perception of physical and psychological abuse in 31 secondary schools in a city in the Peruvian highlands. Methods: analytical, cross-sectional study. The studied population consisted of 10 382 schoolchildren from 31 public and private educational institutions of secondary level, from the city of Huancayo, Peru. The main variables were having suffered physical and psychological abuse, and this data was obtained from a survey -previously validated- in our environment. Statistical associations were obtained. Results: the most frequent psychological and physical abuses were: having received shouts and excessive academic load, respectively. Associated with psychological abuse was the female sex (adjusted prevalence ratio [RPa]: 0.86; confidence interval [CI] 95 percent: 0.81-0.90; p value < 0.001), to study in a national college ( RPa: 0.83, 95 percent CI: 0.79-0.88; p value < 0.001); age (RPa: 1.05, 95 percent CI: 1.02-1.10; p value= 0.003); the year of studies (RPa: 1.04, 95 percent CI: 1.01-1.10; p value= 0.020), the condition of being an student repeating the year (RPa: 1.20; 95 percent CI: 1.09-1,31, p value< 0.001); as well as skin color (RPa: 1.22; 95 percent CI: 1.00-1.49; percentp value= 0.046). On the other hand were associated to physical abuse: the female sex (RPa: 0.77, 95 percent CI: 0.74-0.80, p value< 0.001), being in a national school (RPa: 0.91; 95 percent: 0.88-0.95; p value< 0.001), age (RPa: 1.03; 95 percent CI: 1.01-1.05; p value= 0.014) and the condition of being an student repeating the year (RPa: 1.08; 95 percent CI: 1.01-1.15; p value= 0.015). Conclusions: abuse is associated with many particular characteristics, which is why screening and support programs for victims must be generated(AU)
Asunto(s)
Adolescente , Acoso Escolar/prevención & control , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Estudios Transversales , PerúRESUMEN
Se realizó una revisión relativa a la gangrena de Fournier, motivada por la presentación de un caso atendido en el Servicio de Coloproctología del Hospital Provincial General “Vladimir I. Lenin,” de Holguín, en año 2014. Se trató de un adulto masculino de 59 años con diagnóstico de esta enfermedad en la región perianal, que de forma fugaz invadió los genitales externos. Se realizó intervención quirúrgica de urgencia, se trató con antibióticos por vía endovenosa y se practicó desbridamiento quirúrgico con orquiectomía izquierda. Luego de controlada la infección perianal, se trasladó al Servicio de Urología del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Lucía Iñiguez Landin de Holguín con una estadía de 43 días, al controlar la infección de los genitales, se realizó una reconstrucción de la región escrotal y se dio alta para seguimiento ambulatorio. La aparición de esta enfermedad no es frecuente, pero sí es potencialmente letal por lo que una vez diagnosticada, los especialistas deben, tratar la enfermedad de la manera más rápida posible.
A review on Fournier's gangrene, motivated by the presentation of a case treated at the Coloproctology Service of "Vladimir I. Lenin General Provincial Hospital," Holguin, in 2014 was done. A male patient of 59 years of age diagnosed with this disease in the perianal region fleetingly was spread the external genitals. Emergency surgery was performed, treated with intravenous antibiotics and surgical debridement was performed with left orchiectomy. After the perianal infection was controlled, the patient was reffered to the Urology Department of Lucia Iñiguez Landin Surgical Hospital of Holguin with a stay of 43 days, to control the infection of the genitals; a reconstruction of the crotch region was performed. The patient was discharged for follow-up outpatient consultation. The emergence of this disease is rare, but potentially lethal so once diagnosed the specialists must treat the disease as soon as possible.
RESUMEN
Se realizó una revisión relativa a la gangrena de Fournier, motivada por la presentación de un caso atendido en el Servicio de Coloproctología del Hospital Provincial General Vladimir I. Lenin, de Holguín, en año 2014. Se trató de un adulto masculino de 59 años con diagnóstico de esta enfermedad en la región perianal, que de forma fugaz invadió los genitales externos. Se realizó intervención quirúrgica de urgencia, se trató con antibióticos por vía endovenosa y se practicó desbridamiento quirúrgico con orquiectomía izquierda. Luego de controlada la infección perianal, se trasladó al Servicio de Urología del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Lucía Iñiguez Landin de Holguín con una estadía de 43 días, al controlar la infección de los genitales, se realizó una reconstrucción de la región escrotal y se dio alta para seguimiento ambulatorio. La aparición de esta enfermedad no es frecuente, pero sí es potencialmente letal por lo que una vez diagnosticada, los especialistas deben, tratar la enfermedad de la manera más rápida posible.(AU)
A review on Fournier's gangrene, motivated by the presentation of a case treated at the Coloproctology Service of "Vladimir I. Lenin General Provincial Hospital," Holguin, in 2014 was done. A male patient of 59 years of age diagnosed with this disease in the perianal region fleetingly was spread the external genitals. Emergency surgery was performed, treated with intravenous antibiotics and surgical debridement was performed with left orchiectomy. After the perianal infection was controlled, the patient was reffered to the Urology Department of Lucia Iñiguez Landin Surgical Hospital of Holguin with a stay of 43 days, to control the infection of the genitals; a reconstruction of the crotch region was performed. The patient was discharged for follow-up outpatient consultation. The emergence of this disease is rare, but potentially lethal so once diagnosed the specialists must treat the disease as soon as possible.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Gangrena de Fournier/complicaciones , Gangrena de Fournier/diagnóstico , Gangrena de Fournier/cirugía , Infecciones Bacterianas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen. It is difficult to control and treat. The most seriously ill patients and those previously infected are more likely than others to be infected or colonized by A. baumannii. The epidemiology of A. baumannii infection is complex, with the coexistence of epidemic and endemic infections. The A. baumannii are the species isolated in 90% of the nosocomial infections and in 92% of the nosocomial bacteremias. The intensive care units presented the greater number of nosocomial bacteremias by A. baumannii. The most common sources of A. baumannii are respiratory tract, surgical wound, catheter, urinary tract and others. The most frequently clinical manifestation is sepsis and a fulminating course is observed when the patient presents septic shock. Progressive resistance of A. baumannii to antimicrobial limits the therapeutic options. The patients with A. baumannii multidrug-resistant present an excessive rate of attributed mortality, length of stay and costs.