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Three new species of DexosarcophagaTownsend, 1917 are described based on male specimens collected in Brazil, Dexosarcophaga sinoisp. nov., Dexosarcophaga autisferasp. nov., and Dexosarcophaga clavissp. nov. Male morphology is represented by photographs and detailed illustrations of terminalia. Dexosarcophaga carvalhoi (Lopes, 1980), Dexosarcophaga globulosaLopes, 1946, Dexosarcophaga limitata (Lopes, 1975), Dexosarcophaga paulistana (Lopes, 1982b), and Dexosarcophaga petraSantos, Pape and Mello-Patiu 2022 are recorded for the first time in Argentina. Also, Dexosarcophaga lenkoiLopes, 1968, Dexosarcophaga montana (Lopes, 1975), and Dexosarcophaga transitaTownsend, 1917 have their distribution expanded with new records. Dexosarcophaga transita is considered a senior synonym of Dexosarcophaga chaetosaBlanchard, 1939syn. nov., Dexosarcophaga itaquaDodge, 1966syn. nov., and Dexosarcophaga lopesiDodge, 1968syn. nov. With the addition of the new species and the new synonymies proposed, Dexosarcophaga now contains 58 species, of which 10 are recorded in Argentina and 35 in Brazil.

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ABSTRACT The SISBIOTA-BRASIL was a three-year multimillion-dollar research program of the Brazilian government to document plants and animals in endangered/understudied areas and biomes in Brazil. Distributional patterns and the historical events that generated them are extensively unknown regarding Brazilian fauna and flora. This deficiency hinders the development of conservation policies and the understanding of evolutionary processes. Conservation decisions depend on precise knowledge of the taxonomy and geographic distribution of species. Given such a premise, we proposed to research the diversity of Diptera of the Brazilian western arc of Amazon, Cerrado, and Pantanal in the states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Rondônia. Three important biomes of the South American continent characterize these Brazilian states: Amazon forest, Cerrado (Brazilian Savannah), and Pantanal. Besides their ecological relevance, these biomes historically lack intensive entomological surveys. Therefore, they are much underrepresented in the Brazilian natural history collections and in the scientific literature, which is further aggravated by the fact that these areas are being exponentially and rapidly converted to commercial lands. Our project involved over 90 collaborators from 24 different Brazilian institutions and one from Colombia among researchers, postdocs, graduate and undergraduate students, and technicians. We processed and analyzed nearly 300,000 specimens from ~60 families of Diptera collected with a large variety of methods in the sampled areas. Here, we provide a detailed overview of the genera and species diversity of 41 families treated. Our results point to a total of 2,130 species and 514 genera compiled and identified for the three states altogether, with an increase of 41% and 29% in the numbers of species and genera known for the three states combined, respectively. Overall, the 10 most species-rich families were Tachinidae, Cecidomyiidae, Tabanidae, Psychodidae, Sarcophagidae, Stratiomyidae, Bombyliidae, Syrphidae, Tephritidae, and Asilidae. The 10 most diverse in the number of genera were Tachinidae, Stratiomyidae, Asilidae, Mycetophilidae, Syrphidae, Tabanidae, Muscidae, Dolichopodidae, Sarcophagidae, and Chloropidae. So far, 111 scientific papers were published regarding taxonomic, phylogenetic, and biogeographical aspects of the studied families, with the description of 101 new species and three new genera. We expect that additional publications will result from this investigation because several specimens are now curated and being researched by specialists.

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Tropical forests are among the most biodiverse biomes on the planet. Nevertheless, quantifying the abundance and species richness within megadiverse groups is a significant challenge. We designed a study to address this challenge by documenting the variability of the insect fauna across a vertical canopy gradient in a Central Amazonian tropical forest. Insects were sampled over two weeks using 6-m Gressitt-style Malaise traps set at five heights (0 m-32 m-8 m intervals) on a metal tower in a tropical forest north of Manaus, Brazil. The traps contained 37,778 specimens of 18 orders of insects. Using simulation approaches and nonparametric analyses, we interpreted the abundance and richness of insects along this gradient. Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Coleoptera had their greatest abundance at the ground level, whereas Lepidoptera and Hemiptera were more abundant in the upper levels of the canopy. We identified species of 38 of the 56 families of Diptera, finding that 527 out of 856 species (61.6%) were not sampled at the ground level. Mycetophilidae, Tipulidae, and Phoridae were significantly more diverse and/or abundant at the ground level, while Tachinidae, Dolichopodidae, and Lauxaniidae were more diverse or abundant at upper levels. Our study suggests the need for a careful discussion of strategies of tropical forest conservation based on a much more complete understanding of the three-dimensional distribution of its insect diversity.

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Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 is a genus of flesh flies predominantly Neotropical in distribution, which comprises small species (4.0-7.3 mm) characterized mainly by vein R1 fully setulose dorsally and wing usually fumose between apical part of vein R2+3 and vein C. The taxonomic revision of the genus resulted in 39 valid species, of which 12 are new to science: N. boruca sp. nov., N. canga sp. nov., N. coendu sp. nov., N. cuzco sp. nov., N. equatoriana sp. nov., N. inca sp. nov., N. lamasi sp. nov., N. matinta sp. nov., N. psittacocercus sp. nov., N. sofiae sp. nov., N. similis sp. nov. and N. tembe sp. nov. Nephochaetopteryx shannoni Dodge, 1968 is a junior synonym of N. flavipalpis Lopes, 1936, syn. nov. and N. linharensis Tibana Santos 1997 is a junior synonym of N. pallidifacies Lopes 1975, syn. nov. A key to the males of all valid species is given, as well as detailed illustrations of the male terminalia.

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A study was carried out to determine Sarcophagidae diversity attracted to the different stages of decomposition of a Boa constrictor cadaver during late winter in the Yucatan Peninsula. As a result of this study, seven species of Sarcophagidae were documented, Oxysarcodexia conclausa (Walker, 1861) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Peckia (Euboettcheria) volucris (Wulp, 1895) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Blaesoxipha (Gigantotheca) plinthopyga (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Oxysarcodexia amorosa (Schiner, 1868) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Ravinia derelicta (Walker, 1853) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Ravinia effrenata (Walker, 1861) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), and Titanogrypa (Cucullomyia) placida (Aldrich, 1925) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), The last five species listed are the first documentation of their presence in the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. Sarcophagids were present throughout the decomposition process; however, the greatest abundance and diversity of this family were present during the advanced decay stage. This is the first work on flesh flies in the region and the first in the country that has focused on wildlife.

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Myiasis is defined as the infestation of living or necrotic tissues of vertebrates by dipteran larvae. In amphibians, it can be caused by fly larvae belonging to families Calliphoridae, Chloropidae, Muscidae, and Sarcophagidae. In this study, we report new records and infestation intensity of myiasis in anurans from two localities of the Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil, and also present a list with myiasis caused by flesh fly Sarcophagidae species in anurans of the Neotropical region. For this, we surveyed anuran communities during two breeding seasons, examined for myiasis signs, and when positive collected the specimens. We found infested individuals of 13 anurans of seven species. Different Sarcophagidae larva morphotypes were collected, and two of them emerged as adult flies of Lepidodexia (Notochaeta) fumipennis and Peckia (Sarcodexia) lambens, which were both found in the tree frog Bokermannohyla circumdata. We compiled 21 cases of myiasis in anurans in the Neotropical region from the literature reviewed. This data indicated that hosts of different lineages and modes of life can be affected and that death is often fast. The diversity of myiasis-causing flies in anurans in nature is probably a lot greater than expected, especially if we consider that the encounters are occasional, but at relatively high intensities, can cause rapid deaths.

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ABSTRACT Hexapods, commonly known as insects, are a neglected taxonomic group in the Fernando de Noronha archipelago, with unanswered questions about their species richness and the ecological processes in which they are involved (e.g., colonization, introduction, establishment, and extinction). Herein, we provide an updated Hexapod checklist with current nomenclatural combinations. The entomofauna of the Fernando de Noronha archipelago is currently composed of 453 species in 21 orders. The orders, and their respective number of species, are: Blattaria (9), Coleoptera (118), Collembola (29), Dermaptera (3), Diplura (1), Diptera (134), Embioptera (1), Hemiptera (29), Hymenoptera (59), Isoptera (2), Lepidoptera (25), Mantodea (1), Neuroptera (3), Odonata (5), Orthoptera (11), Phasmatodea (1), Phthiraptera (6), Psocoptera (3), Siphonaptera (1), Thysanoptera (10), and Zygentoma (2). The archipelago has 263 new taxon records (family + genera + species). Thirty-eight species (3.39%) were described from local specimens and most of them are likely endemic species. This study more than doubles our knowledge (from the previous 190 records) of the entomofauna in this large Brazilian archipelago. This study also provides a baseline for studies on its conservation status and for implementing future environmental management programs.

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Udamopyga Hall, 1938 sensu stricto previously comprised 20 species: three from the Nearctic Region and 17 from the Neotropics. A comparative morphological study of the seven species so far recorded from Brazil is presented, including a newly described species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, Udamopyga squamata sp. nov., with emphasis on the terminalia and the addition of new diagnostic characters. An identification key to the adults of both sexes of these species is provided.

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Prior to this work, Retrocitomyia Lopes (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) included ten recognized species distributed exclusively in the New World. We here add a new species to the genus, Retrocitomyia sisbiota sp. nov. from the Central-West Region of Brazil. Four other species of Retrocitomyia are recorded from this region for the first time, redescribed, compared, and illustrated, with emphasis on the male terminalia. Retrocitomyia paraguayensis Lopes is recorded from Brazil for the first time, R. fluminensis Lopes and R. retrocita (Hall) are newly recorded from the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul, and R. mizuguchiana Tibana & Xerez is newly recorded from the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. New generic diagnostic characters are added and the interpretation of some structures of the male terminalia is discussed. An updated catalog of all Retrocitomyia species and an identification key to the males of these species are also provided.

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A catalogue of the type specimens of Stratiomyidae (Diptera: Brachycera) held in the collection of Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (MNRJ) is presented. A total number of 50 type specimens of 18 valid Neotropical species were recognized and are listed in alphabetical order of subfamily, genus and specific epithet. Photos of 12 primary types of the species and bibliographical data of the original descriptions, labels and condition of all type specimens are also provided.

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A catalogue of the Conopidae known from Colombia, with 16 species distributed in four genera, is presented. The richest group is Stylogaster Macquart. Geographic distributions are given for each species.

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A catalogue of Sarcophagidae recorded from Colombia is presented, including 102 species in 26 genera, and two subfamilies. The geographical distribution by department is also given.

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Recently a new species of bombyliid fly, Marleyimyia xylocopae, was described by Marshall & Evenhuis (2015) based on two photographs taken during fieldwork in the Republic of South Africa. This species has no preserved holotype. The paper generated some buzz, especially among dipterists, because in most cases photographs taken in the field provide insufficient information for properly diagnosing and documenting species of Diptera.

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ABSTRACTThe identification of female flesh flies was always considered a difficult task since morphological descriptions and keys for females are rare. Even in a forensic entomology framework, where females play a major role, female flesh flies are usually not identified. In order to fill this gap in Southern Brazil fauna we provide detailed descriptions and key for the female of nine species included in four genera: Microcerella halli (Engel), Oxysarcodexia paulistanensis (Mattos), Oxysarcodexia riograndensis (Lopes), Peckia (Euboettcheria) australis (Townsend), Peckia(Euboettcheria) florencioi (Prado and Fonseca), Peckia (Pattonella) intermutans (Walker), Peckia(Pattonella) resona (Lopes), Peckia (Sarcodexia) lambens (Wiedemann), and Sarcophaga(Bercaea) africa (Wiedemann). These species are distinguished mainly by genital characters as tergite 6 divided or undivided, presence of tergite 8, spermatheca morphology and vaginal plate shape.

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Sarchophagid flies (Insecta, Diptera) from pig carcasses in Minas Gerais, Brazil, with nine new records from the Cerrado, a threatened Neotropical biome. The diversity of the Sarcophagidae fauna of the Cerrado biome, also know as the Brazilian Savanna, is still underestimated. In this research we collected flies in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, during a Forensic Entomology experiment. Samples were collected throughout the decomposition process of domestic pig (Sus scrofa Linnaeus) carcasses, and the experiments were conducted in areas of pasture and semideciduous forest. A total of 85,694 adult flesh flies belonging to 57 species were collected from all carcasses. New records for nine species of Sarcophaginae are provided, including the first record of Blaesoxipha (Acridiophaga) caridei (Brèthes, 1906) to Brazil, and new occurrences of the following species for the Cerrado and/or for the state of Minas Gerais: Blaesoxipha (Acanthodotheca) acridiophagoides (Lopes & Downs, 1951), Malacophagomyia filamenta (Dodge, 1964), Nephochaetopteryx orbitalis (Curran & Walley, 1934), Nephochaetopteryx cyaneiventris Lopes, 1936, Nephochaetopteryx pallidiventris Townsend, 1934, Oxysarcodexia occulta Lopes, 1946, Ravinia effrenata (Walker, 1861) and Sarcophaga (Neobellieria) polistensis (Hall, 1933).

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Recently, populations of flies have increased in numbers given the elevated levels of organic matter waste produced by anthropic activities and domestication of animals. Such increase represents a worldwide health concern, since flies can be vectors of human diseases. The great variety of feeding and developmental habits of flies of the family Sarcophagidae taking place on animal corpses, feces and decomposed organic matter make them potential vectors of pathogens. Herein, we evaluated the synanthropic index (SI), as well as other ecological aspects of this family, through simultaneous monthly samplings in three areas with different degrees of human disturbance (urban, rural and forest). Each area had four van Someren Rydon traps, each one with a different bait (i.e., human feces, chicken viscera, fish and decomposing onion). Traps were active during 48 hours each month, and specimen collection was made every 12 hours. A total of 7 446 Sarcophagidae individuals were collected (1275 males and 6171 females), belonging to 27 species and nine genera. Tricharaea (Sarcophagula) canuta (Sl = +96.67), Oxysarcodexia taitensis (SI = +93.85), Peckia (Peckia) chrysostoma (SI = +90.00) and Tricharaea (Sarcophagula) occidua (SI = +88.76) exhibited the highest values of synanthropy index, revealing a strong preference for human settlements. The most abundant species were Oxysarcodexia conclausa (21.80%), Ravinia effrenata (18.67%), Oxysarcodexia bakeri (11.45%) and Oxysarcodexia taitensis (10.20%), all of which exhibited preference for urban environments. Additionally, we are reporting seven new records of Sarcophagid flies for Colombia: Oxysarcodexia angrensis, Oxysarcodexia bakeri, Oxysarcodexia diana, Oxysarcodexia similata, Oxysarcodexia timida, Peckia (Peckia) pexata and Titanogrypa (Cucullomyia) placida.

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Recently, populations of flies have increased in numbers given the elevated levels of organic matter waste produced by anthropic activities and domestication of animals. Such increase represents a worldwide health concern, since flies can be vectors of human diseases. The great variety of feeding and developmental habits of flies of the family Sarcophagidae taking place on animal corpses, feces and decomposed organic matter make them potential vectors of pathogens. Herein, we evaluated the synanthropic index (SI), as well as other ecological aspects of this family, through simultaneous monthly samplings in three areas with different degrees of human disturbance (urban, rural and forest). Each area had four van Someren Rydon traps, each one with a different bait (i.e., human feces, chicken viscera, fish and decomposing onion). Traps were active during 48 hours each month, and specimen collection was made every 12 hours. A total of 7 446 Sarcophagidae individuals were collected (1 275 males and 6 171 females), belonging to 27 species and nine genera. Tricharaea (Sarcophagula) canuta (SI=+96.67), Oxysarcodexia taitensis (SI=+93.85), Peckia (Peckia) chrysostoma (SI=+90.00) and Tricharaea (Sarcophagula) occidua (SI=+88.76) exhibited the highest values of synanthropy index, revealing a strong preference for human settlements. The most abundant species were Oxysarcodexia conclausa (21.80%), Ravinia effrenata (18.67%), Oxysarcodexia bakeri (11.45%) and Oxysarcodexia taitensis (10.20%), all of which exhibited preference for urban environments. Additionally, we are reporting seven new records of Sarcophagid flies for Colombia: Oxysarcodexia angrensis, Oxysarcodexia bakeri, Oxysarcodexia diana, Oxysarcodexia similata, Oxysarcodexia timida, Peckia (Peckia) pexata and Titanogrypa (Cucullomyia) placida.

La población de moscas se ha visto incrementada recientemente por la proliferación de residuos de materia orgánica proveniente de la actividad antrópica, así como por la domesticación de animales. Este aumento constituye una gran alerta de salud a nivel mundial, ya que algunas moscas son vectores de enfermedades al humano. Los Sarcophagidae cuentan con una gran variedad de hábitos de alimentación y desarrollo, los cuales tienen lugar en cadáveres de animales, excrementos y materia orgánica en descomposición; haciéndolos posibles vectores de patógenos. En este estudio se evaluó el índice de sinantropía, al igual que otros aspectos ecológicos de esta familia median- te muestreos mensuales simultáneos en tres zonas (urbana, rural y bosque), usando trampas van Someren Rydon ceba- das con excremento humano, vísceras de pollo, pescado y cebolla en descomposición. En cada zona se instalaron cuatro trampas (una por atrayente), durante 48 horas cada mes, realizando recolectas cada 12 horas. Se recolectaron 7 446 individuos de Sarcophagidae (1 275 machos y 6 171 hembras), de 27 especies y nueve géneros. Tricharaea (Sarcophagula) canuta (+96.67), Oxysarcodexia taitensis (+93.85), Peckia (Peckia) chrysostoma (+90.00) y Tricharaea (Sarcophagula) occidua (+88.76) presentaron los índices de sinantropía más altos del estudio, lo que refleja una fuerte preferencia por asentamientos humanos. Las especies más abundantes fueron: Oxysarcodexia conclausa (21.80%), Ravinia effrenata (18.67%), Oxysarcodexia bakeri (11.45%) y Oxysarcodexia taitensis (10.20%), todas exhibiendo preferencia por ambientes urbanizados. Se reportan siete nuevos registros para Colombia: Oxysarcodexia angrensis, Oxysarcodexia bakeri, Oxysarcodexia diana, Oxysarcodexia similata, Oxysarcodexia timida, Peckia (Peckia) pexata y Titanogrypa (Cucullomyia) placida.

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On the taxonomic status of Nephochaetopteryx calida (Wiedemann) (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Based on analysis of the holotype of Nephochaetopteryx calida (Wiedemann) it was concluded that this species does not belong to Nephochaetopteryx. The holotype is a female partly damaged and it was not possible to place it in one of Sarcophaginae genera, remaining as Sarcophaga calida Wiedemann, 1830, incertae sedis.

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The small Neotropical genus Malacophagomyia Lopes is revised. Two previously recorded species from tropical South America are redescribed: M. filamenta (Dodge) and M. kesselringi Kano & Lopes. One new species is described, M. rivadavia sp. nov., from temperate southern South America. The structures of the male genitalia of the species of this genus are compared, and some female genitalic structures of M. filamenta are reinterpreted. Diagnostic characters to recognize the three species are given. Additionally, a key to described species of Malacophagomyia is presented.

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