RESUMEN
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of stretching pH on technological parameters and physicochemical and texture characteristics of the pasta filata cheese Telita. A no-brine cheese-making method was used to control both melting and stretching temperatures. Six vats of cheese, each with a different stretching pH (5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, and 5.7), were made in 2h. Cheese-making was replicated using 2 different lots of milk. Differences in stretching pH significantly affected all variables evaluated; stretching temperature and pH were positively correlated. Technological parameters showed an inverse relationship between pH and acidity and a direct relationship between melting and stretching temperature. The yield was highest as the pH increased and ranged from 11.4 to 12.9 kg of cheese/100 kg of milk. Physicochemical characteristics showed the following: moisture 48.1 to 53.5% (soft and semi-hard cheese), fat 46.3 to 54.9% (dry basis, full-fat cheese), minerals 2.8 to 3.5% (dry basis), calcium content 0.5 to 1.0% (dry basis), sodium 0.38 to 0.78% (dry basis), and whiteness index 77.2 to 84.5. Texture parameters showed that as the stretching pH increased, hardness increased, adhesiveness decreased, cohesiveness decreased, springiness increased, and chewiness increased. Samples were grouped based on principal component analysis. Group 1 contained cheeses at pH 5.2 and 5.3 and were better in terms of retention of components. Group 2 contained cheeses at pH 5.6 and 5.7. These cheeses attained the highest yields, were whitest, and presented the highest values for texture parameters except for adhesiveness and cohesiveness. The third group of cheeses at pH 5.4 and 5.5 were considered the best because they showed a good balance among all variables evaluated.
Asunto(s)
Queso/análisis , Queso/normas , Industria Lechera/métodos , Calidad de los Alimentos , Adhesividad , Análisis de Varianza , Congelación , Dureza , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Ácido Láctico/química , Análisis de Componente Principal , VenezuelaRESUMEN
Antibiotics are frequently prescribed in the older person, the dosification needs special care, since the pharmacokinetic parameters changes with aging and the side effects can be different in the older person. The creatinine clearance changes and we must modify the way we prescribe such antibiotics to the elderly, calculating. The variety of antibiotics now available led us to consider this paper in which we have presented the antimicrobial agents that can be considered in the treatment of the older person. We present several groups: the penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems and betalactamase inhibitors or the great betalactam group. Other trimetroprin-sulfame-thoxazole, the newer macrolides (azithromycin and clarithromycin) as well as the aminoglycosides, vancomycin, clindamycin, metroridazole. The indications and contraindications are presented and reviewed.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Anciano , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Factores de Edad , Antiinfecciosos , Antiinfecciosos Urinarios , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Antibacterianos/farmacocinética , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Aminoglicósidos/administración & dosificación , Aminoglicósidos/uso terapéutico , Carbapenémicos/administración & dosificación , Carbapenémicos/uso terapéutico , Cefalosporinas/administración & dosificación , Cefalosporinas/uso terapéutico , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Fluoroquinolonas/administración & dosificación , Fluoroquinolonas/uso terapéutico , Monobactamas , Macrólidos/administración & dosificación , Macrólidos/uso terapéutico , Penicilinas/administración & dosificación , Penicilinas/uso terapéutico , Combinación Trimetoprim y Sulfametoxazol/administración & dosificación , Combinación Trimetoprim y Sulfametoxazol/uso terapéutico , beta-Lactamasas/antagonistas & inhibidoresRESUMEN
Infections in the older person are common and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Infections of the urinary tract, skin and soft tissue infections including decubitus ulcers, antibiotics associated diarrhea and lower respiratory tract infections are particularly important in the elderly because of their frequency. While most initial antibiotic therapy is empiric, its important before treatment to try to document the etiology for better use of antibiotics. Infections of the urinary tract are frequently and potentially serious in the elderly, they must be separated from asymptomatic bacteriuria that requires no therapy. Upper and lower urinary tract infections are frequently caused by aerobic gram negative bacilli and or enterococci. Most authors prefer the use of fluoroquinolones to manage such infections. The elderly with decubitus ulcer presents a problem in management, since these are frequent polymicrobic infections in which anaerobes play an important role. The initial therapy usually involves the combination of a fluoroquinolone plus an antianaerobic agent like clindamycin. C. difficile diarrhea as frequent in nursing home residents as well as the older person with prior antibiotics. The treatment should be with metronidazole and avoid the use of vancomycin. Pneumonias in the elderly can be acquired in the community, the nursing home or during a hospitalization. The etiologic agents that predominate change from S. pneumoniae and atypicals in those from the community to an increase in gram negative pneumonia. The initial treatment as started by most authors as well as guidelines include the use of a new fluoroquinolone like gatifloxacin alone or in combination with a beta-lactamic agent like ceftriaxone. For those infections acquired in the hospital therapy with third or fourth generation cephalosporins, carbapenems, beta-lactams with betalactamase inhibitors alone or in combination with an aminoglucoside and or vancomycin if MRSA is suspected is accepted therapy