RESUMEN
During routine analysis of an escitalopram tablet formulation, it was seen that there was a systematic deviation between content uniformity (CU - one tablet analysis) and assay analysis (ten pooled tablets). In the presence of the excipients from the tablet, it was found that the extraction of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) was incomplete. It was shown that the commonly used tablet disintegrant croscarmellose sodium (crosslinked carboxy-methyl cellulose) had a significant interaction with escitalopram. This was later found to be the explanation for the lower extraction during assay testing. Under normal conditions, the extraction took place in acidic medium which caused protonation of the amine and thereby the interaction of charged species in solution. The interaction of API was studied further with pure croscarmellose and the entire tablet matrix. A range of conditions was considered, including altering extraction volumes, organic solvents, pH of the extraction solvent, and addition of competitive binder in various concentrations. It was seen that arginine was the most effective cationic competitive binder of those tested and that adding it at a suitable concentration level could significantly improve the analytical methods. In the present case, an improvement in recovery was from 98.5% to almost 100% was achieved.
Asunto(s)
Carboximetilcelulosa de Sodio/química , Citalopram/química , Aminas/química , Química Farmacéutica/métodos , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Excipientes/química , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Iones/química , Soluciones/química , Solventes/química , Comprimidos/químicaRESUMEN
Hyaluronic acid (HA) was hydrolyzed using varying temperatures (40, 60, and 80 degrees C) and acid concentrations (0.0010, 0.010, 0.10, 0.50, 1.0, and 2.0 M HCl). The degradation process was monitored by determination of weight average molecular weight ( M w) by size-exclusion chromatography with online multiangle laser light scattering, refractive index, and intrinsic viscosity detectors (SEC-MALLS-RI-visc) on samples taken out continuously during the hydrolysis. SEC-MALLS-RI-visc showed that the degradation gave narrow molecular weight distributions with polydispersity indexes ( M w/ M n) of 1.3-1.7. Kinetic plots of 1/ M w versus time gave linear plots showing that acid hydrolysis of HA is a random process and that it follows a first order kinetics. For hydrolysis in HCl at 60 and 80 degrees C, it was shown that the kinetic rate constant ( k h) for the degradation depended linearly on the acid concentration. Further, the dependence of temperature on the hydrolysis in 0.1 M HCl was found to give a linear Arrhenius plot (ln k h vs 1/ T), with an activation energy ( E a) of 137 kJ/mol and Arrhenius constant ( A) of 7.86 x 10 (15) h (-1). (1)H NMR spectroscopy was used to characterize the product of extensive hydrolysis (48 h at 60 degrees C in 0.1 M HCl). No indication of de- N-acetylation of the N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) units or other byproducts were seen. Additionally, a low molecular weight HA was hydrolyzed in 0.1 M DCl for 4 h at 80 degrees C. It was shown that it was primarily the beta-(1-->4)-linkage between GlcNAc and glucuronic acid (GlcA) that was cleaved during hydrolysis at pH < p K a,GlcA. The dependence of the hydrolysis rate constant was further studied as a function of pH between -0.3 and 5. The degradation was found to be random (linear kinetic plots) over the entire pH range studied. Further, the kinetic rate constant was found to depend linearly on pH in the region -0.3 to 3. Above this pH (around the p K a of HA), the kinetic constant decreased more slowly, probably due to either a change in polymer conformation or due to an increased affinity for protons due to the polymer becoming charged as the GlcA units dissociated.
Asunto(s)
Ácido Hialurónico/metabolismo , Ácido Clorhídrico/química , Acetilglucosamina/metabolismo , Biopolímeros/metabolismo , Cromatografía en Gel , Ácido Glucurónico/metabolismo , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Hidrólisis , Cinética , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Peso Molecular , Refractometría , Temperatura , ViscosidadRESUMEN
A novel method for detection of reducing ends of sugars is proposed, based on the use of [Formula: see text] as the oxidant in combination with amperometric detection and flow injection analysis (FIA). The method is very sensitive, giving values of <10 muM for the limit of detection for a series of mono- and oligosaccharides. Samples can be analysed every 30 s, and injection can be made fully automated, making it possible to perform on-line analysis of polysaccharide samples subjected to hydrolysis. Three methylcelluloses (MC) of different qualities were hydrolysed with three different glucanases, and the concentrations of reducing ends prior to, during and after hydrolysis were determined. Differences were observed between the results obtained using different combinations of enzymes and MCs, which revealed different selectivities of the various enzymes for the different substrates. One MC was also hydrolysed and analysed in real-time for three hours. The method proposed is superior to many of the standard methods used today, which require manual labour and have a lower sensitivity.
Asunto(s)
Técnicas de Química Analítica/métodos , Electroquímica/métodos , Enzimas/análisis , Análisis de Inyección de Flujo/métodos , Metilcelulosa/análisis , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Diseño de Equipo , Ferricianuros/química , Hidrólisis , Metilcelulosa/química , Modelos Químicos , Oligosacáridos/química , Temperatura , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Six methyl celluloses (MCs), one with a degree of substitution (DS) of 1.32 and five with DS between 1.83 and 1.88, were thoroughly investigated. Monomer composition and methyl distribution in the polymer chain were analyzed after total or partial random hydrolysis and appropriate derivatization with gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS), respectively, and used as reference data. The same MCs were then hydrolyzed with an enzyme preparation of Trichoderma longibrachiatum and further investigated with size-exclusion chromatography with multiangle light scattering and refractive index detection (SEC-MALS/RI) and MS. Electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) in combination with various MS analyzers were compared with respect to quantification of the degradation products directly and after perdeuteriomethylation. The methyl group distribution in the oligomeric fractions and the average DS as a function of chain length were calculated from ESI mass spectra. With help of the reference analysis, patterns could be corrected for the unspecific contribution of end groups. By labeling and ESI tandem MS, our knowledge about the tolerance of the enzymes' sub-sites with respect to the number of methyl groups could be improved.
Asunto(s)
Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Metilcelulosa/metabolismo , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Hidrólisis , Cinética , Espectrometría de Masas , Metilcelulosa/química , Espectrometría de Masa por Láser de Matriz Asistida de Ionización Desorción , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Trichoderma/enzimologíaRESUMEN
In this part of our studies, dealing with new approaches to the analysis of enzymatically hydrolyzed methyl cellulose, five different enzymes or enzyme preparations containing endoglucanases (from Bacillus agaradhaerens Cel 5A, Trichoderma reesei, Trichoderma viride, and two obtained from Trichoderma longibrachiatum) were used to hydrolyze six different methyl celluloses (MCs). The main goal was to investigate whether enzymes could be used for determination of the heterogeneity of the substituent distribution along the cellulose chain. To obtain information about the heterogeneity, it was necessary to gather information on how the enzymes affect hydrolysis. Size exclusion chromatography with multi-angle light scattering and refractive index detection (SEC-MALS/RI) was used to estimate the molar mass distribution of the MCs before and after hydrolysis. A novel internal standard addition method in combination with electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry (ESI-ITMS) was used to determine the amount of formed oligomers. Two MCs, one with a degree of substitution (DS) of 1.8 and one with DS 1.3, were hydrolyzed with all of the five enzymes. The yield of summarized di- and trisaccharides was approximately 2% of the hydrolysis products for the MC with DS 1.8, whereas the product mixture, obtained from a MC with a DS of 1.3, contained 7-16% di- and trisaccharides. By a novel sample preparation method in combination with ESI-IT tandem MS, outlined in part 1 of this work, it was shown that the enzymes produced oligomers with the reducing end bearing no or only one substituent. Comparison of the methyl pattern at the nonreducing ends of the dimers and trimers indicated that the -2 subsite of the active complex is less tolerant than subsites -3 and +1. All enzymes had similar general selectivity toward the methyl substituents but also showed some differences. From both SEC-MALS/RI and ESI-ITMS, differences with respect to substituent distribution of MCs could be recognized but not for each enzyme used. Basic considerations for enzymatic hydrolysis and analysis of methyl cellulose were listed as a consequence of the results from the work.
Asunto(s)
Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Metilcelulosa/metabolismo , Bacillus/enzimología , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Cinética , Espectrometría de Masas , Oligosacáridos/química , Espectrometría de Masa por Láser de Matriz Asistida de Ionización Desorción , Trichoderma/enzimologíaRESUMEN
Microchip immobilized enzyme reactors (microIMERs) with immobilized endoglucanases were applied for the hydrolysis of methyl cellulose (MC). MCs of various molecular weights were hydrolyzed using two microIMERs containing immobilized celloendoglucanase Cel 5A from Bacillus agaradhaerens (BaCel 5A) connected in series. Hydrolysis by the microIMER could be confirmed from the average molar masses and molar mass distributions measured by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with online multiangle light scattering and refractive index detection. Methylated cellooligosaccharides with degrees of polymerization (DP) between 1 and 6 formed during hydrolysis were analyzed by direct infusion electrospray ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry (ESI-ITMS). Mass spectra of microIMER- and batch-hydrolyzed samples were compared and no significant differences were found, indicating that microIMER hydrolysis was as efficient as conventional batch hydrolysis. A fast and automated hydrolysis with online MS detection was achieved by connecting the microIMER to high-performance liquid chromatography and ESI-ITMS. This online separation reduced the relative intensities of interfering signals and increased the signal-to-noise ratios in MS. The microIMER hydrolysates were also subjected to SEC interfaced with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. With this technique, oligomers with DP 3-30 could be detected. The hydrolysis by the microIMER was performed within 60 min, i.e. significantly faster compared with batch hydrolysis usually performed for at least 24 h. The microIMER also allowed hydrolysis after 10 days of continuous use. The method presented in this work offers new approaches for the analysis of derivatized cellulose and provides the possibility of convenient online, fast, and more versatile analysis compared with the traditional batch method.
Asunto(s)
Celulasa/metabolismo , Enzimas Inmovilizadas , Metilcelulosa/metabolismo , Procedimientos Analíticos en Microchip , Bacillus/enzimología , Celulasa/aislamiento & purificación , Cromatografía en Gel , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Hidrólisis , Metilcelulosa/química , Peso Molecular , Espectrometría de Masa por Láser de Matriz Asistida de Ionización Desorción , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
A series of celloendoglucanases: Bacillus agaradhaerens Cel 5a, Humicola insolens Cel 5a, H. insolens Cel 7b, H. insolens Cel 45a, Trichoderma reesei Cel 7b, and T. reesei Cel 45a were used to hydrolyse carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and the hydrolysis products were investigated with a novel liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method. Separation was achieved using a graphitised carbon chromatographic column which allowed the use of electrospay compatible eluents. Analysis of the compounds produced during enzyme hydrolysis of CMC is used to understand enzyme selectivities and substitution pattern of CMC. Conventional high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC)-pulsed amperometric detection (PAD), size-exclusion chromatography (SEC)-refractive index (RI) detection, and reducing end analysis are also used to analyse enzyme-hydrolysed CMC. The LC-MS method presented allows for a more detailed investigation of hydrolysis products, which facilitates characterisation of both enzymes and substrates.