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Background and Objectives: Since its appearance in 2019, multiple risk factors have been identified for presenting a severe form of COVID-19 and different vaccines have also been developed to prevent severe manifestations. However, despite a vaccination history, some cases progress to complications or even death. The objective of this study was to determine the strength of the association between the severity of COVID-19 and the history of vaccination in patients treated at a public reference hospital in Mexico City. Methods: This was a non-experimental, retrospective, and analytical epidemiological study of cases and controls. The study population was people treated at a concentration hospital for COVID-19 care between July 1, 2021, and June 30, 2022, in Mexico City. Results: 132 participants (44 cases and 88 controls) were included in the study. The risk factors most strongly associated with COVID-19 severity were age greater than or equal to 60 years, presenting 22 breaths per minute at the first medical evaluation, systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 140 millimeters of mercury, and a history of at least one chronic comorbidity. However, vaccination history was associated with 94% (OR 0.06) lower odds of developing severe COVID-19 compared to those without a history of vaccination, regardless of the presence of associated risk factors. Conclusion: Lacking a history of vaccination and presenting any of the identified risk factors confer higher odds of developing severe forms of the disease.(AU)

Justificativa e Objetivos: Desde o seu aparecimento em 2019, foram identificados múltiplos fatores de risco para a apresentação de uma forma grave de COVID-19 e foram desenvolvidas diferentes vacinas para prevenir o aparecimento de manifestações graves. No entanto, apesar de um histórico de vacinação, alguns casos podem evoluir para complicações ou mesmo para a morte. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a força de associação entre a gravidade da COVID-19 e o histórico de vacinação em pacientes atendidos em um hospital público de referência na Cidade do México. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico não-experimental, retrospectivo e analítico, de casos e controles. A população do estudo foram indivíduos atendidos em um hospital de concentração para atendimento à COVID-19 entre 1 de julho de 2021 e 30 de junho de 2022, na Cidade do México. Resultados: 132 participantes (44 casos e 88 controles) foram incluídos no estudo. Os fatores de risco mais fortemente associados à gravidade da COVID-19 foram idade superior ou igual a 60 anos, apresentar 22 respirações por minuto na primeira avaliação médica, pressão arterial sistólica superior ou igual a 140 milímetros de mercúrio e histórico de pelo menos uma comorbidade crônica. No entanto, histórico de vacinação foi associado a uma probabilidade 94% (OR 0,06) menor de desenvolver COVID-19 grave em comparação com aqueles sem histórico de vacinação, independentemente da presença de fatores de risco associados. Conclusão: A ausência de histórico de vacinação e a presença de algum dos fatores de risco identificados conferem maiores probabilidades de desenvolver formas graves da doença.(AU)

Justificación y Objetivos: Desde su aparición en 2019, se han identificado múltiples factores de riesgo para presentar una forma grave de COVID-19 y también se han desarrollado distintas vacunas que previenen la aparición de manifestaciones de gravedad. Sin embargo, a pesar del antecedente de vacunación, algunos casos se complican o incluso fallecen. El objetivo del este estudio fue determinar la fuerza de asociación entre la gravedad de la COVID-19 con el antecedente de vacunación en pacientes atendidos en un hospital público de referencia de la Ciudad de México. Métodos: Estudio epidemiológico no experimental, retrospectivo y analítico, de casos y controles. La población de estudio fueron personas atendidas en un hospital de concentración para la atención de COVID-19 entre el 1 de julio de 2021 y el 30 de junio de 2022 en la Ciudad de México. Resultados: 132 participantes (44 casos y 88 controles) fueron incluidos en el estudio. Los factores de riesgo más fuertemente asociados con la gravedad de la COVID-19 fueron la edad mayor o igual a 60 años, presentar 22 respiraciones por minuto en la primera valoración médica, tensión arterial sistólica mayor o igual a 140 milímetros de mercurio y el antecedente de al menos una comorbilidad crónica. No obstante, el antecedente de vacunación se asoció con 94% (RM 0.06) menos posibilidades de desarrollar COVID-19 grave con respecto a aquellos sin antecedente vacunal, independientemente de la presencia de los factores de riesgo asociados. Conclusión: carecer del antecedente de vacunación y presentar alguno de los factores de riesgo identificados confieren las mayores posibilidades de presentar formas graves de la enfermedad.(AU)

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The aim of this study was to determine the association between oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and social marginalization in people aged 60 years and older enrolled in social security in Mexico. A cross-sectional and analytical study was carried out in older adults. To assess the OHRQoL, the OHIP-14 instrument was applied, and the degree of social marginalization and sociodemographic characteristics were analyzed. Measures of central tendency and dispersion, simple frequencies and proportions were estimated. Student's t-test was used for comparison of means, and prevalence ratio (PR) and logistic regression were used to assess associations, all with a significance value of 0.05 and 95% confidence intervals. Perceived OHRQoL in the population measured through the OHIP-14 reached an average value of 9.84 ± 8.91, with the highest value in the dimension of physical pain (2.06 ± 1.91). Perceived treatment need was higher among people with social marginality (p = 0.011). The multivariate analysis shows that marginalized people have a lower OHRQoL. Socially marginalized older adults showed a low a better perception of OHRQoL, independent of demographic and clinical factors.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the association between oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and social marginalization in people aged 60 years and older enrolled in social security in Mexico. A cross-sectional and analytical study was carried out in older adults. To assess the OHRQoL, the OHIP-14 instrument was applied, and the degree of social marginalization and sociodemographic characteristics were analyzed. Measures of central tendency and dispersion, simple frequencies and proportions were estimated. Student's t-test was used for comparison of means, and prevalence ratio (PR) and logistic regression were used to assess associations, all with a significance value of 0.05 and 95% confidence intervals. Perceived OHRQoL in the population measured through the OHIP-14 reached an average value of 9.84 ± 8.91, with the highest value in the dimension of physical pain (2.06 ± 1.91). Perceived treatment need was higher among people with social marginality (p = 0.011). The multivariate analysis shows that marginalized people have a lower OHRQoL. Socially marginalized older adults showed a low a better perception of OHRQoL, independent of demographic and clinical factors.

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This critical-reflective essay problematizes the labor dynamics in the framework of informality considered as a determinant for access to the health system in Mexico and discusses the vulnerability of workers to the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This analysis aims to contribute to the construction of proposals aimed at improving the lives of male and female workers by guaranteeing their right to health.

El presente ensayo critico-reflexivo problematiza las dinámicas laborales en el marco de la informalidad considerado como un determinante para acceso al sistema de salud en México y discute la vulnerabilidad de los trabajadores ante la pandemia por el virus SARS-CoV-2. El presente trabajo pretende contribuir en la visibilización del problema para motivar la construcción en propuestas que contribuyan a mejorar la vida de trabajadores y trabajadoras garantizando su derecho a la salud.

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Resumen El presente ensayo critico-reflexivo problematiza las dinámicas laborales en el marco de la informalidad considerado como un determinante para acceso al sistema de salud en México y discute la vulnerabilidad de los trabajadores ante la pandemia por el virus SARS-CoV-2. El presente trabajo pretende contribuir en la visibilización del problema para motivar la construcción en propuestas que contribuyan a mejorar la vida de trabajadores y trabajadoras garantizando su derecho a la salud.

Abstract This critical-reflective essay problematizes the labor dynamics in the framework of informality considered as a determinant for access to the health system in Mexico and discusses the vulnerability of workers to the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This analysis aims to contribute to the construction of proposals aimed at improving the lives of male and female workers by guaranteeing their right to health.

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BACKGROUND: Mexico has reported high death and case fatality rates due to COVID-19. Several comorbidities have been related to mortality in COVID-19, as hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive lung disease and chronic kidney disease. AIMS: To describe the main clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in the major social security institution in Mexico, as well as the contribution of chronic comorbidities and the population attributable fraction related to them. METHODS: Data for all patients with a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 in the institutional database was included for analysis. Demographic information, the presence of pneumonia and whether the patient was hospitalized or treated at home as an outpatient as well as comorbidities were analyzed. Case fatality rate was estimated for different groups. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals from a logistic regression model were estimated, as well as the population attributable fraction. RESULTS: By November 13, 2020, 323,671 subjects with COVID-19 infection have been identified. Case fatality rate is higher in males (20.2%), than in females (13.0%), and increases with age. Case fatality rate increased with the presence of obesity, hypertension and/or diabetes. Age and sex were major independent risk factors for mortality, as well as the presence of pneumonia, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, immunosuppression, and end-stage kidney disease. The population attributable fraction due to obesity in outpatients was 16.8%. CONCLUSIONS: Major cardiovascular risk factors and other comorbidities increase the risk of dying in patients with COVID-19. Identification of populations with high fatality in COVID-19, provides insight to deal with this pandemic by health services in Mexico.

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[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Conocer la asociación entre las condiciones sociales y económicas y las tasas de homicidios en jóvenes de 10 a 24 años de edad en México en 2017. Métodos. En este estudio ecológico se estudiaron las desigualdades sociales asociadas con los homicidios en la población de 10 a 24 años en 2017 en México a través de fuentes secundarias de información, correspondientes a las defunciones por homicidio por entidad federativa en México. Las desigualdades sociales en salud se estudiaron mediante la medición absoluta y relativa de las brechas de desigualdad y se estimaron razones de prevalencias de mortalidad con modelos de regresión de Poisson. Resultados. En 2017 se produjeron 8 094 homicidios en la población joven, que fueron más frecuentes en hombres (86,7%). Las brechas de desigualdad entre los estados fueron importantes. La desocupación de la población de mayores de 12 años, los hogares conformados por personas que no son familiares, la baja asistencia escolar y el ingreso por debajo de la línea de bienestar se asociaron de manera significativa con las tasas de homicidios. Conclusiones. La asociación de los determinantes sociales con los homicidios en la población estudiada es fuerte. Deben implementarse políticas y acciones intersectoriales que puedan ayudar a reducir las brechas de desigualdad y lograr mejores condiciones de vida y niveles de bienestar y salud de las personas y sus comunidades.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. Assess the association between social and economic conditions and homicide rates in young people between 10 and 24 years of age in Mexico in 2017. Methods. This ecological study looked at the social inequalities associated with homicides in the population 10-24-year-old population in 2017 in Mexico, using secondary data sources for deaths by homicide in each Mexican state. Social inequalities in health were studied by measuring absolute and relative inequality gaps. Mortality rates were estimated using Poisson regression models. Results. In 2017, there were 8,094 homicides in the target population, predominantly in men (86.7%). There was high variance in inequality between states. Unemployment in the population over 12 years of age, households composed of people who are not family members, low school attendance rates, and income below the poverty line showed significant association with homicide rates. Conclusions. There is a strong association between social determinants and homicides in the study population. Policies and intersectoral actions should be implemented to help bridge inequality gaps and achieve better living conditions and higher levels of well-being and health for people and their communities.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Descrever a associação entre as condições socioeconômicas e as taxas de homicídios em jovens entre 10 e 24 anos no México em 2017. Métodos. Neste estudo ecológico foram examinadas as desigualdades sociais associadas aos homicídios na população entre 10 e 24 anos no México em 2017 com base em dados obtidos de fontes de informação secundárias relativos a mortes por homicídio por entidade federativa. As desigualdades sociais em saúde foram avaliadas com a mensuração absoluta e relativa das lacunas de desigualdade. As razões de prevalências de mortalidade foram estimadas com modelos de regressão de Poisson. Resultados. Em 2017, houve 8.094 homicídios na população jovem, com predomínio no sexo masculino (86,7%). As lacunas de desigualdade entre os estados foram significativas. Ociosidade juvenil (em maiores de 12 anos), domicílios constituídos por pessoas sem laços de parentesco, baixa frequência escolar e renda abaixo da linha do bem-estar foram fatores que tiveram uma associação significativa com as taxas de homicídios. Conclusões. Observou-se uma forte associação entre os determinantes sociais e os homicídios na população estudada. Políticas e ações intersetoriais devem ser implementadas para ajudar a reduzir as lacunas de desigualdade e melhorar as condições de vida, o nível de bem-estar e a saúde das pessoas e suas comunidades.

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OBJECTIVE: Assess the association between social and economic conditions and homicide rates in young people between 10 and 24 years of age in Mexico in 2017. METHODS: This ecological study looked at the social inequalities associated with homicides in the population 10-24-year-old population in 2017 in Mexico, using secondary data sources for deaths by homicide in each Mexican state. Social inequalities in health were studied by measuring absolute and relative inequality gaps. Mortality rates were estimated using Poisson regression models. RESULTS: In 2017, there were 8,094 homicides in the target population, predominantly in men (86.7%). There was high variance in inequality between states. Unemployment in the population over 12 years of age, households composed of people who are not family members, low school attendance rates, and income below the poverty line showed significant association with homicide rates. CONCLUSIONS: There is a strong association between social determinants and homicides in the study population. Policies and intersectoral actions should be implemented to help bridge inequality gaps and achieve better living conditions and higher levels of well-being and health for people and their communities.

OBJETIVO: Descrever a associação entre as condições socioeconômicas e as taxas de homicídios em jovens entre 10 e 24 anos no México em 2017. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo ecológico foram examinadas as desigualdades sociais associadas aos homicídios na população entre 10 e 24 anos no México em 2017 com base em dados obtidos de fontes de informação secundárias relativos a mortes por homicídio por entidade federativa. As desigualdades sociais em saúde foram avaliadas com a mensuração absoluta e relativa das lacunas de desigualdade. As razões de prevalências de mortalidade foram estimadas com modelos de regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: Em 2017, houve 8.094 homicídios na população jovem, com predomínio no sexo masculino (86,7%). As lacunas de desigualdade entre os estados foram significativas. Ociosidade juvenil (em maiores de 12 anos), domicílios constituídos por pessoas sem laços de parentesco, baixa frequência escolar e renda abaixo da linha do bem-estar foram fatores que tiveram uma associação significativa com as taxas de homicídios. CONCLUSÕES: Observou-se uma forte associação entre os determinantes sociais e os homicídios na população estudada. Políticas e ações intersetoriais devem ser implementadas para ajudar a reduzir as lacunas de desigualdade e melhorar as condições de vida, o nível de bem-estar e a saúde das pessoas e suas comunidades.

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[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Determinar la asociación entre el embarazo en adolescentes y los factores socioeconómicos, así como calcular las desigualdades sociales presentes en las adolescentes de México durante 2015. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio a partir de registros de nacimientos del año 2015 en mujeres de 15 a 19 años. Se determinó la tasa de fecundidad y se desagregó en quintiles por cada variable socioeconómica. Se calcularon medidas absolutas y relativas de desigualdad, regresión binomial negativa para razón de riesgo e intervalos de confianza del 95%. Resultados. La tasa de fecundidad fue 73,21 nacimientos por 1 000 mujeres de 15 a 19 años en México. Coahuila fue el estado con la mayor tasa de nacimientos (99,3 por 1 000 adolescentes). Se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la tasa de fecundidad y el rezago al acceso a servicios de salud, en especial en el quintil 5 (riesgo relativo [RR] = 45,68), mientras que para el rezago educativo fue mayor en el quintil 4 (RR = 27,36). No existieron diferencias significativas respecto al rezago en el acceso a la seguridad social. Conclusiones. Las condiciones de marginación y pobreza tienen una asociación importante con el embarazo y la tasa de fecundidad en las adolescentes. Sin embargo, existen grandes brechas de desigualdad entre los grupos sociales, por lo que resulta necesario implementar acciones enfocadas la promoción de la mejora de los entornos sociales, políticos y económicos.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To determine the association between teenage pregnancy and socioeconomic factors and to estimate social inequalities among adolescents in Mexico in 2015. Methods. A study involving women from 15 to 19 years of age was conducted using data from birth records for 2015. The fertility rate was determined and disaggregated by quintiles for each socioeconomic variable. Absolute and relative measures of inequality were estimated; negative binomial regression analysis was used to obtain risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results. The fertility rate was 73.21 births per 1000 women between the ages of 15 and 19 years in Mexico. Coahuila was the state with the highest birth rate (99.3 per 1000 adolescents). A statistically significant association was found between fertility rate and the gap in access to health services, especially in quintile 5 (risk ratio [RR] = 45.68), whereas a greater association with the gap in education was found in quintile 4 (RR = 27.36). No significant differences were found in terms of the gap in access to social security. Conclusions. Marginalization and poverty are significantly associated with teenage pregnancy and fertility rate. However, wide inequalities exist among the different social groups, making it necessary to implement actions geared towards promoting measures to improve the social, political, and economic environment.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Determinar a associação entre gravidez na adolescência e fatores socioeconômicos e estimar as desigualdades sociais nas adolescentes do México em 2015. Material e métodos. Um estudo foi realizado a partir dos registros de nascimentos de 2015 em adolescentes do sexo feminino com idade de 15 a 19 anos. Foi determinada a taxa de fecundidade desagregada por quintis para cada variável socioeconômica. Foram calculadas medidas absolutas e relativas de desigualdade e analisado um modelo de regressão binomial negativa para as razões de risco e intervalos de confiança de 95%. Resultados. A taxa de fecundidade encontrada foi de 73,21 nascimentos por 1.000 mulheres com idade de 15 a 19 anos no México. O Estado de Coahuila teve a maior taxa de nascimento (99,3 por 1.000 adolescentes). Observou-se uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre a taxa de fecundidade e defasagem no acesso aos serviços de saúde, sobretudo no quintil 5 (risco relativo [RR] 45,68), enquanto que o atraso educacional foi maior no quintil 4 (RR 27,36). Não houve diferença significativa na defasagem no acesso à previdência social. Conclusões. O estado de marginalização e pobreza têm uma importante associação com gravidez e taxa de fecundidade em adolescentes. Existem, no entanto, grandes lacunas de desigualdade entre os grupos sociais, sendo necessário implementar ações direcionadas a promover a melhoria dos entornos sociais, políticos e econômicos.

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Type 2 diabetes is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. In Mexico it is the first cause of mortality, disability, and potential years of life lost due to premature death. The Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) implemented the PREVENIMSS strategy. The aim of the current study was to estimate the program's effect on the mortality trend from type 2 diabetes, based on an interrupted time series analysis. At the beginning of the target period, the diabetes mortality rate was higher in IMSS beneficiaries than in the control population. After the program's implementation, there was a slight reduction in the mortality trend, while the control group showed an upward trend. Differences in the trends between the two groups suggest that they are not the exclusive result of institutional interventions. Living and work conditions could explain these differences.

La diabetes tipo 2 es la principal causa de mortalidad y morbilidad en el mundo. En México es la primera causa de mortalidad, discapacidad, años perdidos por muerte prematura. El Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) implementó la estrategia PREVENIMSS. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar el efecto de dicho programa en la tendencia de la mortalidad por diabetes tipo 2, realizando un análisis de series de tiempo interrumpidas. Al inicio del periodo de tiempo analizado, la tasa de mortalidad de diabetes en los derechohabientes era mayor, en comparación con la población control. Posterior a la implementación del programa, se presentó una discreta reducción en la tendencia de la mortalidad, mientras que en el grupo control la tendencia fue ascendente. Las diferencias encontradas en las tendencias entre las poblaciones comparadas sugieren que no son resultado exclusivo de las intervenciones institucionales. Las condiciones de vida y de trabajo podrían explicar dichas diferencias.

O diabetes tipo 2 é a primeira causa de morbi-mortalidade no mundo. No México, é a primeira causa de mortalidade, incapacidade e anos de vida perdidos. O Instituto Mexicano de Seguridade Social (IMSS) implementou a estratégia conhecida como PREVENIMSS. O estudo atual teve como objetivo estimar o efeito do programa sobre a tendência na mortalidade por diabetes tipo 2, com base em uma análise de série temporal ininterrupta. No início do período de estudo, a taxa de mortalidade por diabetes era mais alta entre segurados do IMSS do que na população controle. Depois da implementação do programa, houve uma pequena redução na mortalidade, enquanto o grupo controle mostrava uma tendência crescente. Diferenças nas tendências entre os dois grupos sugerem que não resultam exclusivamente de intervenções institucionais. As condições de vida e de trabalho podem ajudar a explicar essas diferenças.

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Introduction: Prenatal care ensures favorable results for maternal-fetal health and, to that end, it must be provided early, periodically, comprehensively and with high coverage. Objective: To find out the social determinants of prenatal care in women affiliated to the Mexican Institute of Social Security during 2014. Method: Cross-sectional study where the association of social conditions, social support and family functioning with inadequate prenatal care was analyzed. A descriptive analysis was performed; hypothesis tests were used with chi-square (95% level of confidence). The prevalence ratio and Mann-Whitney's U-test were estimated to compare medians and logistic regression. Results: Of the interviewed women, 58.1% had inadequate prenatal care, mainly associated with unplanned pregnancy, poor social support, low level of education and higher marginalization. Not having leaves of absence granted by employers was the main barrier in those women who did not attend health services. Conclusions: There is a need for strategies to be designed and implemented to enable understanding the interaction between different biological and social dimensions of the health-disease process and reduce health inequities that affect pregnant women, in order to achieve good prenatal care and to implement alternative models guaranteeing its efficiency.

Introducción: La atención prenatal garantiza resultados favorables para la salud materno-fetal, para ello es necesario que se realice de forma precoz, periódica, completa y con alta cobertura. Objetivo: Conocer los determinantes sociales para la atención prenatal en mujeres derechohabientes del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social durante 2014. Método: Estudio transversal en el que se analizó la asociación de condiciones sociales, apoyo social y funcionalidad familiar con atención prenatal inadecuada. Se realizó análisis descriptivo; se utilizaron pruebas de hipótesis con chi cuadrada (nivel de confianza de 95 %). Se estimó la razón de prevalencias y U de Mann-Whitney para comparar medianas y regresión logística. Resultados: De las mujeres entrevistadas, 58.1 % presentó atención prenatal inadecuada, asociada principalmente con no planificación del embarazo, bajo apoyo social, menor nivel educativo y mayor marginalidad. No contar con el permiso laboral fue la principal barrera en las mujeres que no acudieron a los servicios de salud. Conclusión: Es necesario diseñar e implementar estrategias que permitan conocer la interacción entre las distintas dimensiones biológicas y sociales del proceso salud-enfermedad y disminuir las inequidades en salud que afectan a las mujeres embarazadas, para lograr buena atención prenatal y modelos alternativos que garanticen su eficiencia.

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Resumen: La diabetes tipo 2 es la principal causa de mortalidad y morbilidad en el mundo. En México es la primera causa de mortalidad, discapacidad, años perdidos por muerte prematura. El Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) implementó la estrategia PREVENIMSS. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar el efecto de dicho programa en la tendencia de la mortalidad por diabetes tipo 2, realizando un análisis de series de tiempo interrumpidas. Al inicio del periodo de tiempo analizado, la tasa de mortalidad de diabetes en los derechohabientes era mayor, en comparación con la población control. Posterior a la implementación del programa, se presentó una discreta reducción en la tendencia de la mortalidad, mientras que en el grupo control la tendencia fue ascendente. Las diferencias encontradas en las tendencias entre las poblaciones comparadas sugieren que no son resultado exclusivo de las intervenciones institucionales. Las condiciones de vida y de trabajo podrían explicar dichas diferencias.

Resumo: O diabetes tipo 2 é a primeira causa de morbi-mortalidade no mundo. No México, é a primeira causa de mortalidade, incapacidade e anos de vida perdidos. O Instituto Mexicano de Seguridade Social (IMSS) implementou a estratégia conhecida como PREVENIMSS. O estudo atual teve como objetivo estimar o efeito do programa sobre a tendência na mortalidade por diabetes tipo 2, com base em uma análise de série temporal ininterrupta. No início do período de estudo, a taxa de mortalidade por diabetes era mais alta entre segurados do IMSS do que na população controle. Depois da implementação do programa, houve uma pequena redução na mortalidade, enquanto o grupo controle mostrava uma tendência crescente. Diferenças nas tendências entre os dois grupos sugerem que não resultam exclusivamente de intervenções institucionais. As condições de vida e de trabalho podem ajudar a explicar essas diferenças.

Abstract: Type 2 diabetes is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. In Mexico it is the first cause of mortality, disability, and potential years of life lost due to premature death. The Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) implemented the PREVENIMSS strategy. The aim of the current study was to estimate the program's effect on the mortality trend from type 2 diabetes, based on an interrupted time series analysis. At the beginning of the target period, the diabetes mortality rate was higher in IMSS beneficiaries than in the control population. After the program's implementation, there was a slight reduction in the mortality trend, while the control group showed an upward trend. Differences in the trends between the two groups suggest that they are not the exclusive result of institutional interventions. Living and work conditions could explain these differences.

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INTRODUCTION: In Mexico there is little research to know the magnitude of mobbing. OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of mobbing and characteristics associated in workers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 499 workers who use medical unit. A questionnaire was used to determine the presence of mobbing and various instruments to know the personality, vulnerability to stress, self-esteem and depression. Prevalence odds ratio, dispersion, chi-square and Poisson regression were calculated. RESULTS: A prevalence of 36% was found; no significant differences between sex or school level in mobbing presence, 20.2%, were found. Sixty per cent women are perceived as victims of harassment high relative to men (p = 0.04). Workers with low self-esteem have a greater association with high mobbing (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The prevalence found is higher than reported in previous studies in Mexico, strong associations between mobbing and personality and emotional disorders were identified.

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The aim of this study was to assess the association between different types of economic and social deprivation and infant mortality rates reported in 2008 in Mexico. We conducted an ecological study analyzing the correlation and relative risk between the human development index and levels of social and economic differences in State and national infant mortality rates. There was a strong correlation between higher human development and lower infant mortality. Low schooling and poor housing and crowding were associated with higher infant mortality. Although infant mortality has declined dramatically in Mexico over the last 28 years, the decrease has not been homogeneous, and there are persistent inequalities that determine mortality rates in relation to different poverty levels. Programs with a multidisciplinary approach are needed to decrease infant mortality rates through comprehensive individual and family development.

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RESUMEN

The aim of this study was to assess the association between different types of economic and social deprivation and infant mortality rates reported in 2008 in Mexico. We conducted an ecological study analyzing the correlation and relative risk between the human development index and levels of social and economic differences in State and national infant mortality rates. There was a strong correlation between higher human development and lower infant mortality. Low schooling and poor housing and crowding were associated with higher infant mortality. Although infant mortality has declined dramatically in Mexico over the last 28 years, the decrease has not been homogeneous, and there are persistent inequalities that determine mortality rates in relation to different poverty levels. Programs with a multidisciplinary approach are needed to decrease infant mortality rates through comprehensive individual and family development.

El objetivo del artículo fue conocer la asociación entre los diferentes tipos de carencia social y económica y los niveles de mortalidad infantil reportados durante el 2008 en México. Se realizó un estudio ecológico, analizando la correlación y el riesgo relativo entre el índice de desarrollo humano y distintos niveles de carencias sociales y económicas con las tasas de mortalidad infantil reportadas a nivel nacional y estatal. Existe una fuerte correlación entre un mayor nivel de desarrollo humano con una menor tasa de mortalidad. La carencia educativa y el atraso en la calidad y espacio de la vivienda se asocian con una mayor tasa de mortalidad infantil. Si bien la mortalidad infantil en México ha disminuido notablemente en los últimos 28 años, su reducción no ha sido homogénea y se mantienen inequidades que determinan las tasas de mortalidad en relación a los niveles diferenciados de pobreza. Es necesario el diseño de programas con una visión transdisciplinaria que permitan disminuir las tasas de mortalidad con el pleno desarrollo de los individuos y sus familias.

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