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This work describes the preparation of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) platform on polyethylene terephthalate (MIP-PET) via RAFT polymerization for analyzing tartrazine using a smartphone. The MIP-PET platform was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques, Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and confocal microscopy. The optimal pH and adsorption time conditions were determined. The adsorption capacity of the MIP-PET plates with RAFT treatment (0.057 mg cm-2) was higher than that of the untreated plates (0.028 mg cm-2). The kinetic study revealed a pseudo-first-order model with intraparticle diffusion, while the isotherm study indicated a fit for the Freundlich model. Additionally, the MIP-PET demonstrated durability by maintaining its adsorption capacity over five cycles of reuse without significant loss. To quantify tartrazine, images were captured using a smartphone, and the RGB values were obtained using the ImageJ® free program. A partial least squares regression (PLS) was performed, obtaining a linear range of 0 to 7 mg L-1 of tartrazine. The accuracy of the method was 99.4% (4.97 ± 0.74 mg L-1) for 10 samples of 5 mg L-1. The concentration of tartrazine was determined in two local soft drinks (14.1 mg L-1 and 16.5 mg L-1), with results comparable to the UV-visible spectrophotometric method.

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Bovine babesiosis is a reportable transboundary animal disease caused by Babesia bovis and Babesiabigemina in the Americas where these apicomplexan protozoa are transmitted by the invasive cattle fever ticks Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Rhipicephalus(Boophilus) annulatus. In countries like Mexico where cattle fever ticks remain endemic, bovine babesiosis is detrimental to cattle health and results in a significant economic cost to the livestock industry. These cattle disease vectors continue to threaten the U.S. cattle industry despite their elimination through efforts of the Cattle Fever Tick Eradication Program. Mexico and the U.S. share a common interest in managing cattle fever ticks through their economically important binational cattle trade. Here, we report the outcomes of a meeting where stakeholders from Mexico and the U.S. representing the livestock and pharmaceutical industry, regulatory agencies, and research institutions gathered to discuss research and knowledge gaps requiring attention to advance progressive management strategies for bovine babesiosis and cattle fever ticks. Research recommendations and other actionable activities reflect commitment among meeting participants to seize opportunities for collaborative efforts. Addressing these research gaps is expected to yield scientific knowledge benefitting the interdependent livestock industries of Mexico and the U.S. through its translation into enhanced biosecurity against the economic and animal health impacts of bovine babesiosis and cattle fever ticks.

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El lactante de 12 a 24 meses es un foco de atención debido a que se encuentra en un periodo de edad de gran vulnerabilidad a la mala nutrición y/o al establecimiento de malos hábitos de alimentación; en consecuencia, es crucial identificar las prácticas de alimentación de los infantes durante los primeros 24 meses de edad. En este estudio, transversal analítico, se reportan las prácticas de lactancia materna y alimentación complementaria de 211 lactantes, de 15 a 24 meses de edad, separados por género. Se obtuvieron las características del lactante, las prácticas de lactancia materna y de alimentación complementaria, el consumo de bebidas azucaradas y de alimentos ultraprocesados. Se utilizaron las pruebas t de Student no pareada, chi cuadrada y se estimó la razón de momios (IC95%). Las madres prolongaron más la lactancia materna en varones. En 99% de los lactantes se observó una ingestión excesiva de alimentos ultraprocesados, y los mismos se consumían con mayor frecuencia (seis veces/semana). La frecuencia de consumo de bebidas azucaradas fue de cinco veces por semana en ambos géneros. La cantidad de bebidas azucaradas consumidas al día fue significativamente mayor en varones y tenían cuatro veces mayor probabilidad de consumir las mismas [RM= 4.9 (IC95% 1.22, 19.5), p=0.02] y mayor probabilidad de consumir jugos procesados [RM=1.94 (IC 95% 0.92, 4.09), p=0.078] que las niñas. En la población estudiada se observó un consumo excesivo de alimentos ultra-procesados y bebidas azucaradas, especialmente entre los varones(AU)

Infants aged 12 to 24 months are a focus of attention because they are in an age period of great vulnerability to poor nutrition and/or the establishment of bad eating habits; consequently, it is crucial to identify infant feeding practices during the first 24 months of age. In this analytical, cross-sectional study, breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices of 211 infants, aged 15 to 24 months, separated by gender, are reported. Infant characteristics, breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices, consumption of sugary drinks and ultra-processed foods were obtained. The unpaired Student t-tests, chi-square were used and the odds ratio (95% CI) was estimated. Mothers prolonged breastfeeding in boys. Excessive ingestion of ultra-processed foods was observed in 99% of infants, and they were consumed more frequently (six times / week). The frequency of consumption of sugary drinks was five times a week in both genders. The amount of sugary drinks consumed per day was, not only significantly higher in boys, but also they were four times more likely to consume this kind of beverages [RM = 4.9 (95% CI 1.22, 19.5), p = 0.02], as well as processed juices [RM = 1.94 (95% CI 0.92, 4.09), p = 0.078] than girls. In this studied population excessive consumption of ultra-processed and sugary drinks was observed, especially among males(AU)

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Investigating how crop domestication and early farming mediated crop attributes, distributions, and interactions with antagonists may shed light on today's agricultural pest problems. Crop domestication generally involved artificial selection for traits desirable to early farmers, for example, increased productivity or yield, and enhanced qualities, though invariably it altered the interactions between crops and insects, and expanded the geographical ranges of crops. Thus, some studies suggest that with crop domestication and spread, insect populations on wild crop ancestors gave rise to pestiferous insect populations on crops. Here, we addressed whether the emergence of corn leafhopper (Dalbulus maidis) as an agricultural pest may be associated with domestication and early spread of maize (Zea mays mays). We used AFLP markers and mitochondrial COI sequences to assess population genetic structuring and haplotype relationships among corn leafhopper samples from maize and its wild relative Zea diploperennis from multiple locations in Mexico and Argentina. We uncovered seven corn leafhopper haplotypes contained within two haplogroups, one haplogroup containing haplotypes associated with maize and the other containing haplotypes associated with Z. diploperennis in a mountainous habitat. Within the first haplogroup, one haplotype was predominant across Mexican locations, and another across Argentinean locations; both were considered pestiferous. We suggested that the divergence times of the maize-associated haplogroup and of the "pestiferous" haplotypes are correlated with the chronology of maize spread following its domestication. Overall, our results support a hypothesis positing that maize domestication favored corn leafhopper genotypes preadapted for exploiting maize so that they became pestiferous, and that with the geographical expansion of maize farming, corn leafhopper colonized Z. diploperennis, a host exclusive to secluded habitats that serves as a refuge for archaic corn leafhopper genotypic diversity. Broadly, our results help explain the extents to which crop domestication and early spread may have mediated the emergence of today's agricultural pests.

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Studies done in Brazilian soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merril, in the 1970s suggested the redbanded stink bug, Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood), is principally responsible for delayed maturity in this crop. This stink bug species has recently emerged as a serious pest of soybean in the southern United States, where little is known about its association with the occurrence of delayed maturity disorder. Also, the mechanism behind stink bug-induced soybean delayed maturity remains unknown. It is believed that stink bug feeding during pod development stages results in reduced pod-seed load, causing alteration of source-sink ratio and eventually delayed maturity. To determine the P. guildinii threshold triggering delayed maturity in soybean, experiments were conducted with varying levels of P. guildinii infestation (0, 2, 4, and 8 adults per 0.3 m) during the R4 to R5 soybean growth stages. In addition, to determine if soybean delayed maturity is exclusively because of reduced pod load, experiments with different levels of mechanical pod removal (0, 25, 50, and 75%) were conducted on field-grown soybeans. P. guildinii densities up to 4 adults per 0.3 m did not trigger occurrence of delayed maturity. However, a density of 8 adults per 0.3 m produced a significant increase in the number of green leaves retained on plants at maturity (i.e., delayed maturity). There was no effect of mechanical pod removal on green leaf retention. The lack of a significant positive correlation between mechanical pod removal and green leaf retention indicates the involvement of mechanism(s) other than reduced pod load in the occurrence of soybean delayed maturity.

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BACKGROUND: Disease risk maps are important tools that help ascertain the likelihood of exposure to specific infectious agents. Understanding how climate change may affect the suitability of habitats for ticks will improve the accuracy of risk maps of tick-borne pathogen transmission in humans and domestic animal populations. Lyme disease (LD) is the most prevalent arthropod borne disease in the US and Europe. The bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi causes LD and it is transmitted to humans and other mammalian hosts through the bite of infected Ixodes ticks. LD risk maps in the transboundary region between the U.S. and Mexico are lacking. Moreover, none of the published studies that evaluated the effect of climate change in the spatial and temporal distribution of I. scapularis have focused on this region. METHODS: The area of study included Texas and a portion of northeast Mexico. This area is referred herein as the Texas-Mexico transboundary region. Tick samples were obtained from various vertebrate hosts in the region under study. Ticks identified as I. scapularis were processed to obtain DNA and to determine if they were infected with B. burgdorferi using PCR. A maximum entropy approach (MAXENT) was used to forecast the present and future (2050) distribution of B. burgdorferi-infected I. scapularis in the Texas-Mexico transboundary region by correlating geographic data with climatic variables. RESULTS: Of the 1235 tick samples collected, 109 were identified as I. scapularis. Infection with B. burgdorferi was detected in 45% of the I. scapularis ticks collected. The model presented here indicates a wide distribution for I. scapularis, with higher probability of occurrence along the Gulf of Mexico coast. Results of the modeling approach applied predict that habitat suitable for the distribution of I. scapularis in the Texas-Mexico transboundary region will remain relatively stable until 2050. CONCLUSIONS: The Texas-Mexico transboundary region appears to be part of a continuum in the pathogenic landscape of LD. Forecasting based on climate trends provides a tool to adapt strategies in the near future to mitigate the impact of LD related to its distribution and risk for transmission to human populations in the Mexico-US transboundary region.

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A photosystem II component, the PsbO protein is essential for maximum rates of oxygen production during photosynthesis, and has been extensively characterized in plants and cyanobacteria but not in symbiotic dinoflagellates. Its close interaction with D1 protein has important environmental implications since D1 has been identified as the primary site of damage in endosymbiotic dinoflagellates after thermal stress. We identified and biochemically characterized the PsbO homolog from Symbiodinium kawagutii as a 28-kDa protein, and immunolocalized it to chloroplast membranes. Chloroplast association was further confirmed by western blot on photosynthetic membrane preparations. TX-114 phase partitioning, chromatography, and SDS-PAGE for single band separation and partial peptide sequencing yielded peptides identical or with high identity to PsbO from dinoflagellates. Analysis of a cDNA library revealed three genes differing by only one aminoacid residue in the in silico-translated ORFs despite greater differences at nucleotide level in the untranslated, putative regulatory sequences. The consensus full amino acid sequence displayed all the characteristic domains and features of PsbO from other sources, but changes in functionally critical, highly conserved motifs were detected. Our biochemical, molecular, and immunolocalization data led to the conclusion that the 28-kDa protein from S. kawagutii is the PsbO homolog, thereby named SkPsbO. We discuss the implications of critical amino acid substitutions for a putative regulatory role of this protein.

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Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre el grado de ôtrabeculaciónõ vesical, el residuo pos miccional y el grado de obstrucción al flujo de salida urinario en pacientes con hiperplasia benigna de próstata (HBP) sintomática. Material y métodos: Serie de casos analítico y retrospectivo que incluyó 37 pacientes con HBP sintomática atendidos ambulatoriamente en el servicio de Urología del Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia en el 2009. El grado de ôtrabeculaciónõ vesical se determinó por cistoscopia, el residuo vesical post-miccional por ecografía y el grado de obstrucción mediante uroflujometría. Resultados: La edad de los pacientes fue: 68,2 ± 7,9 (50-83) años. Los valores del volumen prostático, porcentaje de residuo post-miccional y el flujo máximo fueron: 46,4 ± 20,6 cc (20-113); 33,4% ± 20,7 (5- 80) y 6,7 ± 2,12 7 ml/seg (3-10), respectivamente. No se encontró correlación entre: el porcentaje de residuo post-miccional y el flujo urinario máximo (rs = -0,07; p=0,67) y entre el volumen prostático y el flujo máximo con (rs= 0,05; p= 0,7). Tampoco se encontró concordancia entre el grado de ôtrabeculaciónõ vesical y el flujo máximo (Kappa= 0,0034; p=0,5) y entre el porcentaje de residuo post-miccional y el grado de ôtrabeculaciónõ (Kappa= 0,18; p=0,06). Conclusión: No se encontró relación entre el flujo máximo urinario, el porcentaje de residuo post-miccional y el grado de ôtrabeculaciónõ, en pacientes con HBP sintomática.

Objective: To determine the relationship between the degree of bladder trabeculation, post mictional residue and degree of urinary outflow obstruction in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Methods: Retrospective case series of 37 ambulatory patients with symptomatic BPH attended at the Urology Service of Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia in 2009. The degree of bladder trabeculation was determined by cystoscopy, post-mictional residue was measured by ultrasound, and the degree of outflow obstruction was measured by uroflowmetry. Results: Mean (SD) age of patients was 68.2 ± 7.9 years. Mean (SD) values for prostatic volume, percentage of postmictional residue and maximum flow were 46.4 ± 20.6 ml; 33.4 ± 20.7% y 6.7 ± 2.1 ml/seg, respectively. No correlation between the percentage of post-mictional residue and maximum urinary flow (rs = -0.07; p = 0.67), and between prostatic volume and maximum urinary flow was found (rs = 0.05; p = 0.7). There were also no correlations between the degree of bladder trabeculation and maximum urinary flow (Kappa = 0.0034; p = 0.5), and between the percentage of post-mictional residue and the degree of bladder trabeculation Kappa = 0.18; p = 0.06). Conclusions: No relationship was found between the maximum urinary flow, percentage of post-mictional residue and degree of trabeculation in patients with symptomatic BPH.

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Entomopathogenic fungi were collected from soil in four adjacent habitats (oak forest, agricultural soil, pine reforestation and chaparral habitat) in Saltillo, México using the insect bait method with Tenebrio molitor (L.) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae as bait. Overall, of the larvae exposed to soil, 171 (20%) hosted Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae), 25 (3%) hosted Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) and 1 (0.1%) hosted lsaria (=Paecilomyces) sp. (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae). B. bassiana was significantly more frequent on larvae exposed to oak forest soil. M. anisopliae was significantly more frequent on larvae exposed to agricultural soil. From the infected bait insects, 93 isolates of B. bassiana and 24 isolates of M. anisopliae were obtained. Strains were tested for their infectivity against Cuban laurel thrips, Gynaikothrips uzeli Zimmerman (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). B. bassiana isolates caused the highest mortality on thrips (some causing 88% mortality after 6 days); both fungal species caused similarly high mortality levels against whiteflies (75%) after 6 days. Large amounts of germplasm of entomopathogenic fungi, fundamentally B. bassiana and M. anisopliae, exist in the habitats sampled; pathogenicity varied among strains, and some strains possessed significant virulence. Soils in these habitats are reservoirs of diverse strains with potential for use in biocontrol.

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El presente trabajo propone el diseño de un sitio Web sobre información pedagógica dada las necesidades actuales de capacitación de los profesionales que enfrentan el nuevo modelo pedagógico, que surge como uno de los programas de la Batalla de Ideas que lleva a cabo nuestro país por el logro de la Universalización de la enseñanza superior, partiendo de la identificación de necesidades de información en este ámbito que se corroboró en el diagnóstico inicial realizado a los profesionales que enfrentan esta tarea. La propuesta de investigación favorece el nivel de información pedagógica a través de la consulta de la bibliografía más actualizada, de materiales de apoyo y conferencias de especialistas en la materia, de búsquedas en sitios de INTERNET lo que facilitará el imperativo de los nuevos tiempos: Renovar la Pedagogía. El universo de estudio está constituido por los profesores que en este centro enfrentan los nuevos retos de la enseñanza. La investigación se desarrolla en dos etapas: una primera con el diseño de la pagina Web y otra donde se materializará el uso y la búsqueda de información en las visitas al sitio Web por parte de los profesionales(AU)

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El presente trabajo propone el diseño y la inclusión de un programa de Fundamentos de Enfermería en la especialidad de Atención estomatológica para estudiantes que enfrentan el Nuevo Modelo Pedagógico y las TAE, partiendo de la identificación de necesidades en el dominio de los conocimientos básicos y del desarrollo de habilidades practicas que le permitan un adecuado desempeño. El universo de aplicación de este programa esta constituido por todos los estudiantes del 1er y 2do año del Nuevo Modelo Pedagógico y 2do y 3ero año de las TAE La Investigación se desarrollara en tres etapas una primeara en el diseño del programa y una segunda de inclusión y aplicación del programa, además de una tercera que llegara al nivel de constatación de los conocimientos y habilidades practicas adquiridas en la especialidad(AU)

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La consulta docente es una forma organizativa docente en la que se produce un intercambio entre el profesor y los estudiantes para lograr una mayor eficiencia en el proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje. Los docentes, especialmente aquellos vinculados a la asistencia médica, encuentran una limitante en el tiempo disponible para evacuar las dudas de los estudiantes, dado que trabajan fuera de la institución donde imparten la docencia y debido a la forma en que se lleva a cabo la docente. Por ello, diseñamos una estrategia para llevar a cabo esta forma organizativa docente a distancia. Las vías empleadas para ello fueron: el correo electrónico; la inclusión de los contenidos de interés y anexado a cada uno de ellos un trabajo independiente; guías de estudio y preguntas de control, en formato electrónico y el diseño de una página web con las ventajas del foro de discusión. Lo anterior se evaluará mediante la aplicación de instrumentos que midan la acertación y aceptación de los diseños anteriormente planteado. Todo esto contribuirá a lograr en los estudiantes una mayor vinculación interdisciplinaria, trabajo independiente, mayor independencia cognoscitiva y un adecuado aprovechamiento del tiempo de máquina, así como una mayor interacción (aunque virtual ) con el profesor, el cual logra identificar los principales temas de difícil comprensión, posibilitando así una mejor preparación del mismo en sus clases y la preparación de medios de enseñanza más didácticos que tributen a lo anterior. El trabajo se desarrollará en tres etapas fundamentales: la diagnóstica donde nos percatamos de la necesidad de esta consulta a distancia y aplicamos una encuesta a los estudiantes para conocer lo factible que resultaría esta modalidad. La etapa de planificación y ejecución, la que ya ha tenido pasos y discretos resultados y la etapa de evaluación donde se constatará la efectividad de la actividad(AU)

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La biogeografía es la disciplina de la biología comparada que estudia la distribución de los seres vivos; el análisis de los patrones de distribución de los organismos se lleva a cabo mediante diferentes métodos, dependiendo de la pregunta a responder. En el presente trabajo se exponen los principios y bondades de algunos de estos métodos aplicados a la distribución geográfica de las gimnospermas en México; asimismo, se discute la conveniencia y aplicabilidad de cada método en relación al intervalo del área de distribución geográfica de las especies. Para el caso particular de las gimnospermas mexicanas se considera que el análisis de parsimonia de endemismos y la panbiogeografía tienen el inconveniente de que no incluyen a aquéllas especies que tienen una distribución restringida, mientras que la biogeografía cladística solamente puede incluir aquéllos taxones que tengan información filogenética. En contraste, la areografía y las distribuciones potenciales toman en cuenta los datos de todas las especies, independientemente de la amplitud en su distribución. Se concluye que los diferentes métodos biogeográficos pueden ser utilizados bajo un mismo análisis, ya sea como partes complementarias, o bien como etapas, a pesar de que algunos de estos han sido considerados como programas de investigación en competencia. Este tipo de estudios genera información que permite ampliar el conocimiento de la historia de la biota mexicana y ahondar en la biogeografía de las gimnospermas mexicanas

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There are few genera of butterflies that feed on cycads. Among them the genus Eumaeus (Lycaenidae) presents aposematic coloration in all its life stages. In this work we report for the first time the herbivory of young leaflets of Ceratozamia mexicana and Zamia fischeri (Zamiaceae) by caterpillars of E. childrenae in their natural habitat in the Huasteca region, Mexico.

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There are few genera of butterflies that feed on cycads. Among them the genus Eumaeus (Lycaenidae) presents aposematic coloration in all its life stages. In this work we report for the first time the herbivory of young leaflets of Ceratozamia mexicana and Zamia fischeri (Zamiaceae) by caterpillars of E. childrenae in their natural habitat in the Huasteca region, Mexico.

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We report a fifty threes years old female patient, who suffered right lumbar pain, total hematuria and palpable abdominal mass. An abdominal T.A.C. showed a right renal tumor of fat density. Renal Angiomiolipoma an teratoma were considered among neoformative processes. It wasn't found any tumor's extension. Radical nefrectomy was done. The histopatologic diagnosis was renal angiomiolipoma.

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