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The Cratocentrinae (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) of the West Palaearctic region are reviewed. A reappraisal of the morphological characters used for their recognition and phylogeny is provided as is a key to separate the genera and species of the region. Their distribution in the West Palaearctic is updated and the subfamily is reported for the first time in Europe. Cratocentrus inermus Delvare sp. nov. and Philocentrus papillus Abul-Sood Gadallah sp. nov. are described. A neotype is designated for Philocentrus argenteopilosus (Cameron), which is revalidated and transferred to Philocentrus comb. nov. stat rev.

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In the present study, a checklist of new records of the family Chalcididae of Egypt is presented based on a total of 180 specimens collected from 24 different Egyptian localities between June 2011 and October 2016, mostly by sweeping and Malaise traps. Nineteen species as well as the subfamily Epitraninae and the genera Bucekia Steffan, Epitranus Walker, Proconura Dodd, and Tanycoryphus Cameron, are newly recorded from Egypt. A single species previously placed in the genus Hockeria is transferred to Euchalcis Dufour as E. rufula (Nikol'skaya, 1960) comb. nov.

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The esophageal submucosal glands (SMG) secrete HCO(3)(-) and mucus into the esophageal lumen, where they contribute to acid clearance and epithelial protection. This study characterized the ion transport mechanisms linked to HCO(3)(-) secretion in SMG. We localized ion transporters using immunofluorescence, and we examined their expression by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. We measured HCO(3)(-) secretion by using pH stat and the isolated perfused esophagus. Using double labeling with Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase as a marker, we localized Na(+)-coupled bicarbonate transporter (NBCe1) and Cl(-)-HCO(3)(-) exchanger (SLC4A2/AE2) to the basolateral membrane of duct cells. Expression of cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator channel (CFTR) was confirmed by immunofluorescence, RT-PCR, and in situ hybridization. We identified anion exchanger SLC26A6 at the ducts' luminal membrane and Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) (NKCC1) at the basolateral membrane of mucous and duct cells. pH stat experiments showed that elevations in cAMP induced by forskolin or IBMX increased HCO(3)(-) secretion. Genistein, an activator of CFTR, which does not increase intracellular cAMP, also stimulated HCO(3)(-) secretion, whereas glibenclamide, a Cl(-) channel blocker, and bumetanide, a Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) blocker, decreased it. CFTR(inh)-172, a specific CFTR channel blocker, inhibited basal HCO(3)(-) secretion as well as stimulation of HCO(3)(-) secretion by IBMX. This is the first report on the presence of CFTR channels in the esophagus. The role of CFTR in manifestations of esophageal disease in cystic fibrosis patients remains to be determined.

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A survey of size-fractionated dust exposure was carried out in 10 wood processing plants across the United States as part of a 5-year longitudinal respiratory health study. The facilities included a sawmill, plywood assembly plants, secondary wood milling operations, and factories producing finished wood products such as wood furniture and cabinets. Size-fractionated dust exposures were determined using the RespiCon Personal Particle Sampler. There were 2430 valid sets of respirable, thoracic, and inhalable dust samples collected. Overall, geometric mean (geometric standard deviation) exposure levels were found to be 1.44 (2.67), 0.35 (2.65), and 0.18 (2.54) mg/m, for the inhalable, thoracic, and respirable fractions, respectively. Averaged across all samples, the respirable fraction accounted for 16.7% of the inhalable dust mass, whereas the corresponding figure for thoracic fraction as a percentage of the inhalable fraction was 28.7%. Exposures in the furniture manufacturing plants were significantly higher than those in sawmill and plywood assembly plants, wood milling plants, and cabinet manufacturing plants, whereas the sawmill and plywood assembly plants exhibited significantly lower dust levels than the other industry segments. Among work activities, cleaning with compressed air and sanding processes produced the highest size-fractionated dust exposures, whereas forklift drivers demonstrated the lowest respirable and inhalable dust fractions and shipping processes produced the lowest thoracic dust fraction. Other common work activities such as sawing, milling, and clamping exhibited intermediate exposure levels, but there were significant differences in relative ranking of these across the various industry segments. Processing of hardwood and mixed woods generally were associated with higher exposures than were softwood and plywood, although these results were confounded with industry segment also.

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The therapeutic effect of the calcium antagonist; Nifedipine was assessed in 30 patients with pre-eclampsia. Cases were randomly allocated into two groups; a study group (n = 20) who received Nifedipine capsules (20 mg every 8 h for 7 days) and a control group (n = 10) who received placebo capsules with the same regimen. After Nifedipine administration, there was a significant decrease in blood pressure, serum urea and creatinine and 24 h urinary proteins. No significant difference was found in FHR and S/D ratio of the umbilical artery between study and control groups or between initial values and after Nifedipine administration. Preliminary results indicated that Nifedipine decreased blood pressure and improved kidney functions without affecting the umbilical artery blood flow in cases of pre-eclampsia.

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Prostaglandin A1 is a potent hypotensive, peripheral vasodilator, a weak oxytocic, antiplatelet aggregator. It improves the renal hemodynamics. Its effect on placental circulation was evaluated (expressed as systolic/diastolic ratio and umbilical artery resistance index) in 20 women with severe pre-eclampsia and 10 normotensive pregnant women, by using the Doppler technique. Moreover, another 10 women with severe pre-eclampsia received dextrose 5% as a placebo for comparative purposes. Significant improvements in both parameters studied were observed in the women with severe pre-eclampsia. The beneficial changes differed significantly from the recorded values when using dextrose in pre-eclampsia or prostaglandin A1 in normotensive subjects. Such promising data add another important perspective to prostaglandin A1 in severe pre-eclampsia and may open up new avenues for its use in other situations with compromised placental flow.

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The surface of 25 copper IUCDs and 25 inert IUCDs that had been in utero for less than 6 months or more than a year was examined by the scanning electron microscope and the deposits were extracted from another 100 copper and inert IUCDs that had been in utero for less than 6 months or more than a year and examined by the atomic analyser. The most apparent changes were, respectively, amorphous deposits and cellular debris, crystalline deposits, cracks, duplex coating, distortion and corrosion. Duplex coating was found only on inert IUCDs, but corrosion was found on copper IUCDs. The duration of use of the IUCDs had marked effect on the type of the deposits. Bleeding with IUCDs was associated with a thick layer of amorphous deposits. The contraceptive effect of the IUCDs was found to depend on the reaction of the host to the applied IUCDs rather than the type of device. The surface deposits were found to contain mainly calcium, phosphorus and magnesium.

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PIP: The indications for, techniques, and results of 100 culdoscopic tubal ligations performed at the Shatby Maternity Hospital, Alexandria University, are presented. The procedures took place between July 1976 and September 1978. Sterilization indications were simple multiparity (91 cases), compensated rheumatic heart (4), diabetes mellitus (2), status asthmaticus (1), pulmonary tuberculosis (1), and leukemia (1). The procedure used the knee-chest position. Each patient was premedicated. A fulcrum perineal retractor with attached fiberoptic light was introduced through the vagina and local anesthesia was infused. The Douglas pouch was punctured by a trocar, the trocar was removed, and the culdoscope introduced. The fallopian tube was grasped either from the mesosalpinx or from a point proximal to the tube's fimbrial end. A Pomeroy-type sterilization was done after the tubes were grasped. Operative time ranged from 6-40 minutes with a mean of 8.4 minutes. The only postoperative complications were 1 case of pneumoperitoneum pain, 1 pelvic abscess, and 1 small broad ligament hematoma. Hospital stay ranged from 0-5 days, with .7 days the mean. 60 patients followed up by hysterosalpingography showed perfect tubal patency. No pregnancy has been recorded. The procedure was virtually bloodless.^ieng

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A case-control study was undertaken to investigate the effects of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) on the histology of cervical epithelium. Ninety-one women who had used IUDs for 2--13 years were case subjects and were compared with the same number of women who had never used any form of contraception (control subjects). Two subgroups were investigated, group A and group B. Group A consisted of 53 IUD users and 53 controls coming to family planning and gynecology clinics, and group B consisted of 38 IUD users and 38 controls from dysplasia clinics. Cervical cytology and colposcopically directed cervical biopsies were taken in all women. There was no difference between IUD users and control subjects in the proportion or the severity of dysplasia in either group A or group B. There was no evidence of an increase in the prevalence or severity of dysplasia with prolonged IUD use.

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PIP: An epidemiologic study of 10,202 women who had abortions in Alexandria, Egypt was conducted. The study was prospective in 5171 cases and retrospective in 5171 cases and retrospective in 5031 cases. The study was hospital based in 3 hospitals in Alexandria. The results were analyzed separately because of the different approach to the study of the 2 groups. The great majority of the women who had abortions were urban dwellers in both groups. The rate of induced abortion was 2-1/2 times more frequent in the prospective and 18 times more in the retrospective urban than in rural cases. The highest rate of abortion was among the illiterate women. The treatment of the different types of the prospective group was nonsurgical in 1615 cases, surgical evacuation in 2638 cases and more than 1 therapy in 918 cases. The mortality rate was 135/100,000, which is rather high, and the mortality of abortion was more than the total maternal mortality. Hemorrhage was the most frequent complication in both prospective and retrospective cases. The most frequent reason given by prospective study women for refusing family planning (49.62%) was that they had no children. In the retrospective study group, 31.52% practiced family planning following the abortion, and the most common reasons for not practicing family planning was having no children. Education of the population appears to be the key in the problem of abortion. Along with improving the income of the family and its health conditions it is necesary to increase the acceptability of the couple for family planning.^ieng

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