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Development of a post-esophagectomy hiatal hernia (PEHH) is a rare, but problematic, sequela with the current reported prevalence ranging up to 20%. To determine the incidence rate of PEHH at our institution, a retrospective review of all transhiatal esophagectomies performed from 2012 to 2020 was conducted. Demographic, operative, and oncologic data were collected, rates of PEHH were calculated, and characteristics of subsequent repair were reviewed and analyzed. A total of 160 transhiatal esophagectomies were included, of which four patients (2.5%) developed a PEHH at a mean of 12 months postoperatively (range: 3-28 months) with symptomatology driving the diagnosis for three patients. The limited size of our study does not allow for statistically significant determinations regarding risk factors or method of repair. The true prevalence of a hiatal defect is likely higher than reported, as clinically asymptomatic patients are not captured in our current literature.

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Purpose: Resectability in localized pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is deemed through radiological criteria. Despite initial evaluation classifying tumors as "resectable," they often have ill-defined borders that can result in more extensive cancer than predicted on final pathology analysis. We attempt to categorize these tumors radiologically and define them as "infiltrative" and contrast them to more well-defined or "mass-forming" tumors and assess their correlation with surgical oncological outcomes. We hypothesize that mass-forming lesions will result in fewer positive resection margins. Methods: Patients diagnosed with PDAC of the head of the pancreas and who underwent subsequent curative intent resection between 2016 and 2018 were included. A retrospective chart review of patients was conducted and computed tomography images at the time of diagnosis were reviewed by two radiologists and scored as "mass forming" or "infiltrative" using a newly developed classification system. These classifications were then correlated with margin status. Results: Sixty-eight consecutive pancreatoduodenectomies performed for PDAC from 2016 to 2018 were identified. After screening, 54 patients were eligible for inclusion. Radiologically defined mass-forming lesions had a trend toward a lower rate of positive resection margins (35.7% vs. 50.0%; p = 0.18), specifically the bile duct margin and pancreas margin as well as an overall larger size (4.03 cm vs. 3.25 cm, p = 0.02) compared with infiltrative lesions. Conclusion: We propose a new radiological definition of PDAC into "mass forming" and "infiltrative," a nomenclature that resonates with other tumor sites. Infiltrative lesions trended toward a higher rate of positive resection margins. This classification may help tailor therapy for infiltrative tumors toward a neoadjuvant approach even if they appear resectable.

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Background: Surgical intervention in the geriatric population has a higher risk of perioperative morbidity and mortality due to frailty, comorbidities, and lack of compensatory physiologic reserve. The literature on esophagectomy in octogenarians is limited and there is concern about elderly patients being with-held surgery. The purpose of this study is to analyze the outcomes of esophagectomies for esophageal cancer in octogenarians to assess the safety of esophagectomy in this population. Methods: 145 transhiatal esophagectomies performed for esophageal cancer between 2012 and 2020 were retrospectively reviewed in this IRB approved study. Two aborted esophagectomies were excluded. Patient demographics, surgical outcomes, and oncologic outcomes were reviewed. The octogenarian group was analyzed compared to patients younger than 80 years of age. Results: Among 143 esophagectomies, 136 patients were <80 years old while 7 were ≥80 years old. Octogenarians received significantly less neoadjuvant therapy compared to younger patients (42.9% vs 80.2%, p = 0.02). No statistically significant difference was noted in complication rate, length of stay (LOS), estimated blood loss (EBL), or mortality. However, octogenarians were found to have an increase in severity of complications compared to younger patients. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that esophagectomy can be performed in carefully selected octogenarians. This comes at a cost with increased severity of complications without an increase in complication rates or mortality. This data suggests that esophagectomy can be offered selectively to older patients with clear expectations and planning for the high risk of more severe post-operative complications.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Gastric ischemic preconditioning has been proposed to improve blood flow and reduce the incidence of anastomotic complications following esophagectomy with gastric pull-up. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of prolonged ischemic preconditioning on the degree of neovascularization in the distal gastric conduit at the time of esophagectomy. METHODS: A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database identified 30 patients who underwent esophagectomy. The patients were divided into three groups: control (no preconditioning, n = 9), partial (short gastric vessel ligation only, n = 8), and complete ischemic preconditioning (left and short gastric vessel ligation, n = 13). Microvessel counts were assessed, using immunohistologic analysis to determine the degree of neovascularization at the distal gastric margin. RESULTS: The groups did not differ in age, gender, BMI, pathologic stage, or cancer subtype. Ischemic preconditioning durations were 163 ± 156 days for partial ischemic preconditioning, compared to 95 ± 50 days for complete ischemic preconditioning (P = 0.2). Immunohistologic analysis demonstrated an increase in microvessel counts of 29% following partial ischemic preconditioning (P = 0.3) and 67% after complete ischemic preconditioning (P < 0.0001), compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that prolonged ischemic preconditioning is safe and does not interfere with subsequent esophagectomy. Complete ischemic preconditioning increased neovascularization in the distal gastric conduit.

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INTRODUCTION: Management of benign and malignant esophageal disease has changed rapidly over the past decade. The aim of this study was to analyze evolution in surgical management of esophageal disease at a single academic medical center during this period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed a retrospective cohort of patients who underwent esophagectomy between 2004 and 2013. Patient, institutional, treatment, and outcomes variables were reviewed. RESULTS: 317 patients were analyzed. Median age was 63.5 years; 80% were male. Average inhospital mortality rate was 3.8%. Operative indications changed significantly from 2004 to 2013, with more operations performed for invasive malignancy (77% vs. 95%) and fewer for high-grade dysplasia (12% vs. 3%, P = .008). In 2004, Ivor Lewis esophagectomy was the most common surgical technique, but the three-field technique was the operation of choice in 2013. A minimally invasive approach was used in 19% of cases in 2004 and 100% of cases in 2013 (P < .001). Anastomotic leak ranged from 0% to 21% with no significant difference over the study period (P = .18). Median lymph node harvest increased from seven to 18 nodes from 2004 to 2013 (P = .001). Hospital length of stay decreased from 15 to 8 days (P = .001). In 2013, 79% of patients were discharged to home, compared to 73% in 2004 (P = .04). DISCUSSION: Over the last decade, our treatment of esophageal disease has evolved from a predominantly open Ivor Lewis to a minimally invasive three-field approach. Operations for malignancy have also increased dramatically. Postoperative complications and mortality were not significantly changed, but were consistently low during the latter years of the study.

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BACKGROUND: Predicting treatment response to chemo-radiotherapy (CRT) in esophageal cancer remains an unrealized goal despite studies linking constellations of genes to prognosis. We aimed to determine if specific expression profiles are associated with pathologic complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant CRT. METHODS: Eleven genes previously associated with esophageal cancer prognosis were identified. Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) patients treated with neoadjuvant CRT and esophagectomy were included. Patients were classified into two groups: pCR and no-or-incomplete response (NR). Polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate gene expression. Omnibus testing was applied to overall gene expression differences between groups, and log-rank tests compared individual genes. RESULTS: Eleven pCR and eighteen NR patients were analyzed. Combined expression profiles were significantly different between pCR and NR groups (p < 0.01). The gene CCL28 was over-expressed in pCR patients (Log-HR: 1.53, 95%CI: 0.46-2.59, p = 0.005), and DKK3 was under-expressed in pCR (Log-HR: -1.03 95%CI: -1.97, -0.10, p = 0.031). CONCLUSION: EAC tumors that demonstrated a pCR have genetic profiles that are significantly different from typical NR profiles. The genes CCL28 and DKK3 are potential predictors of treatment response.

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BACKGROUND: The treatment of early-stage esophageal cancer and high-grade dysplasia of the esophagus has changed significantly in recent years. Many early tumors that were traditionally treated with esophagectomy can now be resected with endoscopic therapy alone. These new endoscopic modalities can offer similar survival outcomes without the associated morbidity of a major operation. However, a number of these cases may still require surgical intervention as the best treatment option. METHODS: The current scientific literature, national and international guidelines were reviewed for recommendations regarding optimal treatment of early esophageal malignancy. RESULTS: The primary advantage of surgery over endoscopic treatment lies in the reduced risk of recurrence as well as the ability to assess harvested lymph nodes for regional disease. We recommend that esophageal tumors that have invaded into the submucosa (T1b) or beyond should be treated with an esophagectomy. In addition, dysplastic lesions and cancers that demonstrate poorly differentiated pathology or lymphovascular or perineural invasion should be surgically resected. Finally, large tumors, multifocal lesions, tumors within a long segment of Barrett's esophagus, tumors adjacent to a hiatal hernia, tumors that cannot be resected enbloc with endoscopic techniques should also be treated with an esophagectomy. CONCLUSIONS: When performed at high-volume centers in experienced hands, esophagectomy can have consistently good outcomes for high-grade dysplasia and early esophageal cancers, and should be considered as a treatment option.

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INTRODUCTION: We hypothesized that serum neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios may predict pathologic complete response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in esophageal cancer patients. The ability to predict favorable treatment response to therapy may aid in determining optimal treatment regimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of a prospective esophageal disease registry was conducted. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was defined as the pre-chemoradiotherapy serum neutrophil count divided by lymphocyte count. Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio was similarly defined. Logistic regression was applied to analyze these ratios and their effect on pathologic complete response. A Cox proportional-hazards model was used to analyze survival. RESULTS: Sixty patients were included. Elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio were both negative predictors of pathologic complete response (odds ratio: 0.62; 95% confidence interval: 0.37-0.89, P = 0.037 and odds ratio: 0.91; 95% confidence interval: 0.82-0.98, P = 0.028, respectively). Only platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio was predictive of decreased overall survival (hazard ratio: 1.05, 95% confidence interval: 0.94-1.16, P = 0.40). CONCLUSION: Elevated neutrophil and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios were significant predictors of a poor treatment response to neoadjuvant therapy. Only elevated platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio was predictive of worse overall survival. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios may offer a simple serum test to assess the likelihood of a pathologic complete response after neoadjuvant therapy in esophageal cancer.

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In recent years, a number of endoluminal procedures such as endoscopic resection and thermal ablation have emerged as less invasive treatment options for early esophageal cancer. These therapies have demonstrated excellent oncologic outcomes for dysplasia as well as intramucosal cancers. However, few studies have directly compared long-term outcomes of endoscopic therapy versus traditional esophagectomy. Current esophagectomy techniques now deliver consistently good outcomes in the hands of experienced surgeons at high volume centers, and this option should be considered an important treatment consideration for early esophageal cancer. Under current recommendations, esophagectomy should be considered for tumors invading the submucosa, tumors with high-risk pathologic features, bulky tumors, multinodular tumors, tumors within a long segment of Barrett's esophagus, and tumors adjacent to a hiatal hernia. Likewise, individual patient factors and comorbidities must also be considered when determining the best treatment for a patient with early esophageal cancer. The risk of missing metastatic disease or recurrence that is associated with endoscopic treatment must be weighed against the surgical risks of esophagectomy. With these considerations in mind, the aim of this article is to review the current guidelines and literature that explore the role of esophagectomy for early esophageal malignancy in the era of endoscopic therapies.

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New members on bone marrow registries worldwide are needed to allow sufficient diversity in the donor pool to meet patient needs. We used the theory of planned behaviour belief-basis and surveyed students who had not donated blood previously (i.e. non-donors) (N = 150) about the behavioural, normative, and control beliefs informing their intentions to join the Australian Bone Marrow Donor Registry. Key beliefs predicting non-donors' intentions included: viewing bone marrow donation as an invasion of the body (ß = -.35), normative support from parents (ß = .40), anticipating pain/side effects from giving blood (ß = -.27), and lack of knowledge about how to register (ß = -.30). Few non-donors endorsed these beliefs, suggesting they are ideal targets for change in strategies encouraging bone marrow donor registration.

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Increasing the number of bone marrow (BM) donors is important to ensure sufficient diversity on BM registries to meet the needs of patients. This study used an experimental approach to test the hypothesis that providing information about the risks of BM donation to allay unsubstantiated fears would reduce male and female participants' perceptions of risk for donation and joining the Australian Bone Marrow Donor Registry (ABMDR). Males' and females' intentions to register on the ABMDR and their attitudes, norms and perceived behavioural control (efficacy) in relation to registering were also explored. Participants were allocated randomly to either a risk (exposed to risk information about BM donation) or no-risk (not exposed to risk information) condition. In partial support of hypotheses, exposure to risk information did reduce perceived risk for registering on the ABMDR for males only. Participants in the risk condition also demonstrated lower scores on attitude (males only) and intention compared with participants in the no-risk condition. These findings highlight the complex role of risk perceptions and gender differences in understanding people's decisions to join a BM registry.

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OBJECTIVES: To develop an animal model of rhinosinusitis in microgravity, to characterize the behavior of intracavitary fluid in microgravity, and to assess the accuracy of ultrasonographic (US) diagnosis in microgravity. DESIGN: An animal model of acute sinusitis was developed in anesthetized swine by creating a window into a frontal sinus to allow unilateral catheter placement and injection of fluid. We performed US examinations in normal and microgravity environments on control and sinusitis conditions and recorded these for later interpretation. SETTING: Henry Ford Hospital and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Microgravity Research Facility in Houston, Texas. SUBJECTS: Ground (normal-gravity) experiments were conducted on anesthetized swine (n = 4) at Henry Ford Hospital before the microgravity experiments (n = 4) conducted in the NASA Microgravity Research Facility. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Ultrasound visualization of fluid cavity. RESULTS: Results of bilateral US examinations before fluid injection demonstrated typical air-filled sinuses. After unilateral injection of 1 mL of fluid, a consistent air-fluid interface was observed on the catheterized side at ground conditions. Microgravity conditions caused the rapid (<10-second) dissolution of the air-fluid interface, associated with uniform dispersion of the fluid to the walls of the sinus. The air-fluid interface reformed on return to normal gravity. CONCLUSIONS: The US appearance of fluid in nasal sinuses during microgravity is characterized in the large animal model. On the introduction of microgravity, the typical air-fluid interface disassociates, and fluid lining the sinus can be observed. Such fluid behavior can be used to develop diagnostic criteria for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in the microgravity environment.

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