RESUMEN
Expanding the use of methods that refine, reduce, and replace (3Rs) the use of animals in research is fundamental for both ethical and scientific reasons. The mission of the 3Rs Translational and Predictive Sciences Leadership Group (3Rs TPS LG) of the International Consortium for Innovation and Quality in Pharmaceutical Development (IQ Consortium) is to promote sharing and integration of science and technology to advance the 3Rs in the discovery and development of new medicines, vaccines, medical devices, and health care products for humans and animals. The 3Rs TPS LG is dedicated to identifying opportunities for member companies to share practices, enhance learning, promote discussions, and advance the 3Rs across the industry. One such opportunity was a benchmarking survey, conducted by the Contract Research Organization (CRO) Outreach Working Group, designed to share practices in rodent husbandry for drug safety research and to identify potential opportunities for refinement. IQ member companies and CROs in Asia, North America, and Europe were surveyed. Areas identified for potential alignment included provision of corncob bedding and wire-grid flooring, management of the nest at cage change, approaches to social housing for male mice, evidence-based enrichment strategies, and evaluating the effects of the timing of studies in relation to the animals' circadian rhythm and light-cycle, with consideration for how such extrinsic factors influence animal welfare and scientific outcomes. This manuscript presents the results of the benchmarking survey, including general trends in mouse and rat husbandry practices in toxicology studies, considerations for social housing, enrichment selection, and potential effects of bedding substrate, emphasizing opportunities for collaboration that can help to identify refinements to rodent husbandry practices.
Asunto(s)
Benchmarking , Roedores , Masculino , Ratones , Ratas , Humanos , Animales , Bienestar del Animal , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , AsiaRESUMEN
Vaccines against Staphylococcus aureus have eluded researchers for >3 decades while the burden of staphylococcal diseases has increased. Early vaccine attempts mainly used rodents to characterize preclinical efficacy, and all subsequently failed in human clinical efficacy trials. More recently, leukocidin AB (LukAB) has gained interest as a vaccine antigen. We developed a minipig deep surgical wound infection model offering 3 independent efficacy readouts: bacterial load at the superficial and at the deep-seated surgical site, and dissemination of bacteria. Due to similarities with humans, minipigs are an attractive option to study novel vaccine candidates. With this model, we characterized the efficacy of a LukAB toxoid as vaccine candidate. Compared to control animals, a 3-log reduction of bacteria at the deep-seated surgical site was observed in LukAB-treated minipigs and dissemination of bacteria was dramatically reduced. Therefore, LukAB toxoids may be a useful addition to S. aureus vaccines and warrant further study.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones Estafilocócicas , Vacunas Estafilocócicas , Animales , Carga Bacteriana , Proteínas Bacterianas , Leucocidinas , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Staphylococcus aureus , Infección de la Herida Quirúrgica/prevención & control , Porcinos , Porcinos Enanos , VacunaciónRESUMEN
Intraoral dental radiographs of 217 cats presented for dental treatment were examined. Radiographic signs of dental resorptive lesions were identified in 107 cats, and the apparent central point of each lesion was mapped on a diagram of the tooth. Mapping was only possible on maxillary and mandibular canine teeth and on mandibular third premolar, fourth premolar, and first molar teeth. Resorptive lesions were most common on the molar teeth (n = 103) and maxillary canine teeth (n = 96), and least common on fourth premolar teeth (n = 56). Resorptive lesions on premolar and molar teeth were widely scattered, noted more commonly in the coronal portions of the root. Resorptive lesions in canine teeth had a tendency to be located more apically on the roots.