RESUMEN
Previous animal models and structural imaging investigations have linked hippocampal neuroplasticity to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) response, but the relationship between changes in hippocampal volume and temporal coherence in the context of ECT response is unknown. We hypothesized that ECT response would increase both hippocampal resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity and hippocampal volumes. Patients with major depressive disorder (n=19) were scanned before and after the ECT series. Healthy, demographically matched comparisons (n=20) were scanned at one-time interval. Longitudinal changes in functional connectivity of hippocampal regions and volumes of hippocampal subfields were compared with reductions in ratings of depressive symptoms. Right hippocampal connectivity increased (normalized) after the ECT series and correlated with depressive symptom reduction. Similarly, the volumes of the right hippocampal cornu ammonis (CA2/3), dentate gyrus and subiculum regions increased, but the hippocampal subfields were unchanged relative to the comparison group. Connectivity changes were not evident in the left hippocampus, and volume changes were limited to the left CA2/3 subfields. The laterality of the right hippocampal functional connectivity and volume increases may be related to stimulus delivery method, which was predominately right unilateral in this investigation. The findings suggested that increased hippocampal functional connectivity and volumes may be biomarkers for ECT response.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/terapia , Terapia Electroconvulsiva , Hipocampo/patología , Hipocampo/fisiopatología , Plasticidad Neuronal/fisiología , Anciano , Mapeo Encefálico , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/patología , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/fisiopatología , Terapia Electroconvulsiva/métodos , Femenino , Hipocampo/anatomía & histología , Hipocampo/fisiología , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in the treatment of bipolar (BP) and unipolar (UP) depressive illness and clarify its role in BP depression. METHOD: Patients referred for ECT with both UP and BP depressions. [classified by Structured Clinical Interview for DSM (SCID-I) criteria for history of mania] were included in a multi-site collaborative, double-masked, randomized controlled trial of three electrode placements - right unilateral, bifrontal or bitemporal - in a permutated block randomization scheme. RESULTS: Of 220 patients, 170 patients (77.3%) were classified as UP and 50 (22.7%) as BP depression in the intent-to-treat sample. The remission and response rates and numbers of ECT for both groups were equivalent. CONCLUSION: Both UP and BP depressions remit with ECT. Polarity is not a factor in the response rate. In this sample ECT did not precipitate mania in depressed patients. Treatment algorithms for UP and BP depression warrant re-evaluation.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno Bipolar/terapia , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/terapia , Terapia Electroconvulsiva/efectos adversos , Terapia Electroconvulsiva/métodos , Adulto , Trastorno Bipolar/diagnóstico , Trastorno Bipolar/etiología , Trastorno Bipolar/fisiopatología , Interpretación Estadística de Datos , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/diagnóstico , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/fisiopatología , Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales , Terapia Electroconvulsiva/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pacientes Desistentes del Tratamiento , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Inducción de Remisión , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
The bovine genome sequence project and the discovery of many thousands of bovine single nucleotide polymorphisms has opened the door for large-scale genotyping studies to identify genes that contribute to economically important traits with relevance to the beef and dairy industries. Large amounts of DNA will be required for these research projects. This study reports the use of the whole-genome amplification (WGA) method to create an unlimited supply of DNA for use in genotyping studies and long-term storage for future gene discovery projects. Two commercial WGA kits (GenomiPhi, Amersham Biosciences, Sydney, Australia, and REPLI-g, Qiagen, Doncaster, Australia) were used to amplify DNA from straws of bull semen, resulting in an average of 7.2 and 67 microg of DNA per reaction, respectively. The comparison of 3.5 kb of sequences from the amplified and unamplified DNA indicated no detectable DNA differences. Similarly, gene marker analysis conducted on genomic DNA and DNA after WGA indicated no difference in marker amplification or clarity and accuracy of scoring for approximately 10,000 single nucleotide polymorphism markers when compared with WGA samples genotyped in duplicate. These results illustrate that WGA is a suitable method for the amplification and recovery of DNA from bull semen samples for routine genomic investigations.
Asunto(s)
Bovinos/genética , ADN/análisis , Genoma/genética , Técnicas de Amplificación de Ácido Nucleico/métodos , Semen/química , Animales , ADN/química , Genotipo , Masculino , Sitios de Carácter Cuantitativo , Juego de Reactivos para Diagnóstico , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Alineación de SecuenciaRESUMEN
A 6-month-old Quarter Horse weanling filly was presented with lethargy, weight loss, inappetance, mild diarrhoea, marked ventral oedema and severe panhypoproteinaemia. Serum antibody titres for Lawsonia intracellularis were very high but PCR to detect faecal shedding of the organism was negative. Proliferative enteropathy due to L. intracellularis infection was diagnosed. After treatment for 4 weeks with oral erythromycin and rifampicin the filly made a complete recovery.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Infecciones por Desulfovibrionaceae/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Caballos/diagnóstico , Lawsonia (Bacteria) , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Infecciones por Desulfovibrionaceae/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Desulfovibrionaceae/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Desulfovibrionaceae/patología , Eritromicina/uso terapéutico , Heces/microbiología , Femenino , Enfermedades de los Caballos/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Caballos/patología , Caballos , Lawsonia (Bacteria)/inmunología , Lawsonia (Bacteria)/aislamiento & purificación , Rifampin/uso terapéutico , Resultado del Tratamiento , DesteteRESUMEN
This paper reports the use of DryLab, a computer simulation software package, to assist in the development and optimization of a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the separation of a model drug candidate and its degradation products. Prior to the optimization process, columns with various bonded phases are evaluated for their chromatographic performance using the sample of interest. Simultaneous optimization of two separation variables and the use of resolution maps to predict the optimal conditions are illustrated. Options to optimize column conditions (column length and flow-rate) to further reduce run time are briefly discussed. The accuracy of DryLab-predicted retention times and resolution is compared with experimental values. The DryLab software used in this study provided satisfactory predictions for the selected model, with average errors of less than 3.5 and 11.8% for retention time and resolution, respectively.
Asunto(s)
Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Simulación por ComputadorRESUMEN
The technique of pressurized liquid extraction has been evaluated for the extraction of active ingredients from pharmaceutical dosage forms using montelukast sodium oral chewable tablets as a model. The extraction method was optimized for the number of extraction cycles, extraction time, extraction solvent composition and temperature. Samples were extracted using two cycles of water for 2 min with a cell temperature of 40 degrees C and a pressure of 1.0 x 10(4) kPa, to disintegrate the tablet, followed by three cycles of methanol for 3 min at 70 degrees C and 1.0 x 10(4) kPa, to solubilize montelukast sodium. The method demonstrated an extraction efficiency of 98.2% of label claim and an RSD of 1.3% (n=10), as compared to 97.6% and an RSD of 0.9% obtained using a validated mechanical extraction method.
Asunto(s)
Cromatografía Liquida/métodos , Formas de Dosificación , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/análisis , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , TemperaturaRESUMEN
Multiorgan apoptosis occurs during sepsis. Following cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in rats, thymocytes underwent apoptosis in a time-dependent manner. C5a blockade dramatically reduced thymocyte apoptosis as measured by thymic weight, binding of annexin V to thymocytes, and laddering of thymocyte DNA. When C5a was generated in vivo by infusion of purified cobra venom factor (CVF), thymocyte apoptosis was significantly increased. Similar results were found when CVF was injected in vivo during the early stages of CLP. In animals 12 hours after induction of CLP, there was an increase in the activities of caspase-3, -6, and -9, but not caspase-1 and -8. Cytosolic cytochrome c levels increased by twofold, whereas mitochondrial levels showed a 50% decrease. Western blot analysis revealed that the content of Bcl-X(L) (but not of Bcl-2, BAX, Bad, and Bim) significantly decreased in thymocytes after CLP. C5a blockade in the sepsis model almost completely inhibited caspase-3, -6, and -9 activation, significantly preserved cytochrome c in the mitochondrial fraction, and restored Bcl-X(L) expression. These data suggest that systemic activation of complement induces C5a-dependent apoptosis of thymocytes and that the blockade of C5a during sepsis rescues thymocytes from apoptosis.
Asunto(s)
Apoptosis , Complemento C5a/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana , Sepsis/metabolismo , Timo/metabolismo , Animales , Proteínas Reguladoras de la Apoptosis , Proteína 11 Similar a Bcl2 , Proteínas Portadoras/biosíntesis , Caspasa 3 , Caspasa 6 , Caspasa 9 , Caspasas/metabolismo , Complemento C5a/inmunología , Grupo Citocromo c/metabolismo , Activación Enzimática , Masculino , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Tamaño de los Órganos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/biosíntesis , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-bcl-2/biosíntesis , Conejos , Ratas , Ratas Long-Evans , Timo/citología , Proteína X Asociada a bcl-2 , Proteína Letal Asociada a bcl , Proteína bcl-XAsunto(s)
Camélidos del Nuevo Mundo , Dieta/veterinaria , Hongos/metabolismo , Lolium/microbiología , Intoxicación por Plantas/veterinaria , Esporidesminas/envenenamiento , Animales , Dieta/normas , Femenino , Hongos/aislamiento & purificación , Hongos/fisiología , Nueva Gales del Sur/epidemiología , Intoxicación por Plantas/diagnóstico , Intoxicación por Plantas/epidemiología , Esporas Fúngicas , Esporidesminas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Mammary gland neoplasms in horses are uncommon and may initially be confused with mastitis. Masses from the mammary glands of two horses with chronic discharges were examined by cytology and histopathology. Both masses were diagnosed as papillary ductal adenocarcinomas with extensive intraductal and intralobular involvement and only focal infiltration of the adjacent stroma. Complementary immunohistochemical studies were made of both fresh and formalin-fixed tumour tissue, and attempts were made to assess the steroid receptor status of fresh tissue biochemically to assess the possibility of hormonal treatment as an adjunct to surgery. The results of these tests for oestrogen and progesterone receptors were negative.
Asunto(s)
Adenocarcinoma Papilar/veterinaria , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Caballos/patología , Neoplasias Mamarias Animales/patología , Adenocarcinoma Papilar/química , Adenocarcinoma Papilar/patología , Animales , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/química , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/patología , Femenino , Caballos , Neoplasias Mamarias Animales/química , Receptores de Esteroides/análisisAsunto(s)
Caballos/lesiones , Vejiga Urinaria/lesiones , Animales , Femenino , Rotura/complicaciones , Rotura/terapia , Rotura/veterinariaRESUMEN
A 78 year old woman developed repeated major pulmonary emboli following nasal resection for recurrent basal cell carcinoma. Lower extremity venography performed prior to planned insertion of an inferior vena caval filter unexpectedly revealed a large thrombus-containing aneurysm of the proximal popliteal vein. The aneurysm was excised and the vein repaired by lateral suture. Anticoagulation was continued for 3 months postoperatively. There were no further episodes of pulmonary embolism and popliteal vein patency was confirmed by duplex ultrasound 3 months postoperatively. The literature pertaining to these rare popliteal venous aneurysms is reviewed.
Asunto(s)
Aneurisma/complicaciones , Vena Poplítea , Embolia Pulmonar/etiología , Anciano , Aneurisma/cirugía , Carcinoma Basocelular/cirugía , Femenino , Humanos , Neoplasias Nasales/cirugía , Vena Poplítea/cirugía , Periodo PosoperatorioAsunto(s)
Ceguera/veterinaria , Traumatismos Craneocerebrales/veterinaria , Lesiones Oculares/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Caballos/etiología , Caballos/lesiones , Heridas no Penetrantes/veterinaria , Animales , Ceguera/etiología , Traumatismos Craneocerebrales/complicaciones , Lesiones Oculares/complicaciones , Femenino , Masculino , Nervio Óptico/patología , Traumatismos del Nervio Óptico , Retina/lesiones , Retina/patología , Agudeza Visual , Heridas no Penetrantes/complicacionesRESUMEN
A retrospective study of 46 horses with retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN) infection presented to the Rural Veterinary Centre between 1977 and 1992 was undertaken. Horses aged less than one year were most commonly represented (46%). Thirty-nine percent of cases had been exposed to horses with confirmed or suspected strangles (Streptococcus equi subsp equi infection) within the previous 8 weeks. Most frequent signs were unilateral or bilateral swelling of the throat region (65%), respiratory stertor/dyspnoea (35%), purulent nasal discharge (20%), inappetence and signs of depression (15%), and dysphagia (9%). All horses had a soft tissue density in the retropharyngeal region on radiographs. Rhinopharyngoscopy, ultrasonography, haematology as well as cytological and microbial analysis of material aspirated from the soft tissue swelling facilitated diagnosis in some horses. Fifteen horses (33%) were treated with procaine penicillin intramuscularly for 4 to 7 days followed by oral trimethoprim-sulphadimidine for 7 to 14 days. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were administered to 6 horses. Four required tracheostomy for severe respiratory distress. The 15 horses treated medically responded to treatment and were discharged from hospital. Three horses (6%) with mild signs received no treatment and recovered uneventfully. Twenty-eight horses (61%) underwent general anaesthesia and surgical drainage of a RPLN abscess. Nineteen received procaine penicillin G for 4 to 7 days. Four of the nine horses that did not receive antibiotic treatment after surgery required further surgical drainage 10 days to 7 weeks after the initial surgery. Limited follow-up information was available for 37 horses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Caballos/terapia , Ganglios Linfáticos/microbiología , Linfadenitis/veterinaria , Absceso Retrofaríngeo/veterinaria , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/veterinaria , Streptococcus equi/aislamiento & purificación , Administración Oral , Animales , Drenaje/veterinaria , Quimioterapia Combinada , Femenino , Enfermedades de los Caballos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Caballos/microbiología , Caballos , Inyecciones Intramusculares/veterinaria , Linfadenitis/diagnóstico , Linfadenitis/microbiología , Linfadenitis/terapia , Masculino , Penicilinas/uso terapéutico , Faringe , Absceso Retrofaríngeo/diagnóstico , Absceso Retrofaríngeo/microbiología , Absceso Retrofaríngeo/terapia , Estudios Retrospectivos , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/diagnóstico , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/microbiología , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/terapia , Sulfametazina/uso terapéutico , Trimetoprim/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Treatment options for equine sarcoids are briefly reviewed and the results of a retrospective study of 63 cases of equine sarcoid (66 lesions) treated by clinicians from the Rural Veterinary Centre, Camden, Australia from 1975 to 1993 presented. Five different treatments were employed in the management of these 66 lesions, including surgical excision alone or in combination with cryotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy and tumour transfer to a subcutaneous site on the neck. The majority of cases were treated with surgical excision alone (18/66), excision followed by cryotherapy (31/66) and immunotherapy (16/66), with success rates of 28%, 42% and 81% respectively. Success was defined as no sign of recurrence of the lesion at the time of follow-up, at least 6 months later.
RESUMEN
Peritonitis attributable to Actinobacillus equuli was diagnosed in 15 horses examined at the veterinary center between 1982 and 1992. In 13 horses, historical findings included acute onset of mild to severe signs of abdominal pain, lethargy, and inappetence. Two other horses had a history of weight loss for 3 to 6 weeks prior to examination. Diagnosis was based on the physical signs and laboratory findings, including results of peritoneal fluid analysis (gross characteristics, total protein, total and differential nucleated cell counts, and morphologic findings) and culture of A equuli. Actinobacillus equuli was consistently susceptible in vitro to penicillin, trimethoprim/sulfadiazine, and aminoglycosides. All horses in the study had marked clinical improvement within 24 to 48 hours of commencing antibiotic and supportive treatment. Antibiotic treatment was continued for variable periods, depending on the horse, but ranged from 5 to 21 days. In 11 horses for which follow-up information was available, long-term response to treatment was excellent, with horses returning to original activity.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Actinobacillus/veterinaria , Actinobacillus/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de los Caballos/microbiología , Peritonitis/veterinaria , Infecciones por Actinobacillus/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Actinobacillus/microbiología , Animales , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Líquido Ascítico/microbiología , Líquido Ascítico/veterinaria , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Enfermedades de los Caballos/tratamiento farmacológico , Caballos , Masculino , Peritonitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Peritonitis/microbiología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
To assess the cardiorespiratory, hemodynamic, and electrocardiograph (ECG) responses to an upper body exercise device, we studied ten cardiac men (mean age +/- SD = 58.0 +/- 6.5 years) who performed three five-minute exercise bouts at metronome settings of 20, 50, and 80 clicks per minute. Operation of the device involved shuttling a plastic buoy on two 6-m waxed ropes between two persons. Aerobic requirements were generally appropriate for arm training, corresponding to mean values of 5.3, 7.0, and 10.1 ml.kg-1.min-1 at the three progressive metronome settings. Perceived exertion (Borg, 6 to 20 scale) at these work rates was 8.3, 10.4, and 14.6, whereas average heart rate and systolic blood pressure responses were 77, 85, and 114 beats.min-1 and 145, 158, and 175 mmHg, respectively. Continuous ECG monitoring during upper body exercise revealed no significant ST-segment depression or serious arrhythmias. The device appears to be a safe and effective complement to a cardiac exercise training program.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad Coronaria/rehabilitación , Ejercicio Físico , Hemodinámica , Anciano , Enfermedad Coronaria/fisiopatología , Electrocardiografía , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Consumo de Oxígeno , Aptitud FísicaRESUMEN
Monosodium 4-amino-1-hydroxybutane-1, 1-diphosphonic acid (MK-217) is a bone resorption inhibitor implicated in the treatment of malignant hypercalcemia. This compound is very water soluble and has five ionizable groups with pKa values over the entire pH range. As a result, it is difficult to maintain a single species in solution for chromatographic separation. Since there is no chromophore in the molecular structure, UV detection is ineffective. The compound and its potential degradation products are separated by ion-pair chromatography using 0.01 M cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as the ion-pairing agent and a polymeric stationary phase. Detection is by fluorescence detection after postcolumn derivatization of the primary amine with ophthalaldehyde and mercaptoethanol (OPA-MERC). Optimization of the chromatographic separation and the postcolumn reaction has been carried out, and the method has been applied to the analysis of MK-217 in intravenous solutions and tablet formulations.