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Rare variants are thought to contribute to the genetics of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which is more common amongst the Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) population. A family-based approach using exome sequencing of AJ individuals with IBD was employed with a view to identify novel rare genetic variants for this disease. Exome sequencing was performed on 960 Jewish individuals including 513 from 199 multiplex families with up to eight cases. Rare, damaging variants in loci prioritized by linkage analysis and those shared by multiple affected individuals within the same family were identified. Independent evidence of association of each variant with disease was assessed. A number of candidate variants were identified, including in genes involved in the immune system. The ability to achieve statistical significance in independent case/control replication data was limited by power and was only achieved for variants in the well-established Crohn's disease gene, NOD2. This work demonstrates the challenges of identifying disease-associated rare damaging variants from exome data, even amongst a favorable cohort of familial cases from a genetic isolate. Further research of the prioritized rare candidate variants is required to confirm their association with the disease.

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The risks of poor transition include delayed and inappropriate transfer that can result in disengagement with healthcare. Structured transition care can improve control of chronic digestive diseases and long-term health-related outcomes. These are the first nationally developed guidelines on the transition of adolescent and young persons (AYP) with chronic digestive diseases from paediatric to adult care. They were commissioned by the Clinical Services and Standards Committee of the British Society of Gastroenterology under the auspices of the Adolescent and Young Persons (A&YP) Section. Electronic searches for English-language articles were performed with keywords relating to digestive system diseases and transition to adult care in the Medline (via Ovid), PsycInfo (via Ovid), Web of Science and CINAHL databases for studies published from 1980 to September 2014. The quality of evidence and grading of recommendations was appraised using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. The limited number of studies in gastroenterology and hepatology required the addition of relevant studies from other chronic diseases to be included.These guidelines deal specifically with the transition of AYP living with a diagnosis of chronic digestive disease and/or liver disease from paediatric to adult healthcare under the following headings;1. Patient populations involved in AYP transition. 2. Risks of failing transition or poor transition. 3. Models of AYP transition. 4. Patient and carer/parent perspective in AYP transition. 5. Surgical perspective.(AU)

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BACKGROUND: Despite the wide use of azathioprine/mercaptopurine (AZA/MP) therapy in the management of both Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), approximately 20% of patients cannot tolerate the drugs and 30% do not respond. AIM: To examine the efficacy and safety profile of methotrexate (MTX) in patients with CD or UC who are either intolerant or non-responsive to AZA/MP. METHODS: A total of 131 patients with IBD treated with MTX were identified. Retrospective data were obtained by case note review. Clinical response (defined as steroid withdrawal, normalization of previously raised CRP or physician's clinical assessment of improvement) was assessed at 6 months. RESULTS: Clinical response in Crohn's disease occurred in 18 of 29 patients (62%) refractory to AZA/MP and 42 of 70 patients (60%) intolerant to AZA/MP, with no difference between the groups (P = 1.0). In UC, clinical response was seen in 7 of 9 (78%) patients refractory to AZA/MP and 15 of 23 (65%) intolerant to thiopurines. MTX was well tolerated in a majority of individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Methotrexate appears effective in both CD and UC patients who fail to respond to or are intolerant to AZA/MP therapy.

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The aims of this study were to characterize the endothelin (ET) system in human gallbladder by determining (1) the tissue content of ET-1 and ET-2 by ELISA; (2) the expression of mRNA of the ET precursors preproendothelin-1, -2, and -3; and (3) mRNA expression for the ETA and ETB receptors. Median content of ET-1/2 was significantly reduced in severely inflamed gallbladders compared to gallbladders with mild inflammation. There was an inverse correlation between content of ET-1/2 and inflammation score. mRNA for preproendothelin-2 was highly expressed in all samples, whereas mRNA for preproendothelin-1 was present in negligible quantities and mRNA for preproendothelin-3 was undetectable. mRNA for ETA receptors was expressed in all samples analyzed, whereas mRNA for ETB receptors was expressed at a much lower level. This study demonstrates the presence of ET-1/2 in human gallbladder. ET-1/2 content is decreased with increasing degrees of histological inflammation. ET-2 is likely to be the physiologically significant endothelin isopeptide expressed and ETA receptors appear to predominate in the human gallbladder.

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BACKGROUND: Thromboxanes, prostaglandins, reactive oxygen metabolites and pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced in excess in inflammatory bowel disease. Preliminary reports suggest that ridogrel, a thromboxane synthesis inhibitor and receptor blocker, may have therapeutic benefits in ulcerative colitis. AIMS: To investigate the anti-inflammatory profile of ridogrel. METHODS: The effects of ridogrel on the production of eicosanoids, reactive oxygen metabolites and cytokines by cultured inflamed colorectal mucosal biopsies were made using ELISA and chemiluminescence, reactive oxygen metabolite generation in a cell-free system, and platelet activation using flow cytometry. The effects of oral ridogrel on mucosal release of eicosanoids in two patients with active ulcerative colitis were assessed using rectal dialysis. RESULTS: Ridogrel significantly reduced the release of thromboxane B2, but not prostaglandin E2 or tumour necrosis factor-alpha, from biopsies (P < 0.01 for 10 microM ridogrel). Ridogrel showed no direct antioxidant activity but significantly reduced reactive oxygen metabolite production from cultured biopsies (P < 0.01 for 10 microM ridogrel). Platelet activation in vitro was inhibited by ridogrel (P /= 10 microM ridogrel). Mean rectal mucosal thromboxane B2 release was reduced to 86% of pre-treatment levels in two patients treated with oral ridogrel. CONCLUSIONS: Its inhibition of mucosal production of thromboxane B2, reactive oxygen metabolites, and of platelet activation, suggests that ridogrel could have a therapeutic role in inflammatory bowel disease.

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BACKGROUND: Much recent effort has been made to produce selective inhibitors of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the belief that these will lack the gastrointestinal damaging effects of traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with increased local production of prostanoids. These prostanoids, particularly PGE2 and PGI2, may well be protective as inflammatory bowel disease is aggravated by NSAID use. AIM: To examine the effects of a traditional NSAID and a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor on the production of these prostanoids in human inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS: Colonic mucosal biopsies were obtained from patients undergoing routine colonoscopy and biopsy for diagnostic or surveillance purposes. Biopsies were incubated in culture medium containing 10% foetal calf serum and antibiotics, plus test drugs or vehicle for 24 h, after which time the medium was removed and the content of PGE2, PGI2 (measured as 6 keto-PGF1alpha) and thromboxane (Tx) A2 (measured as TxB2) determined. RESULTS: Biopsies obtained from diseased colonic mucosa produced significantly more PGE2, PGI2 and thromboxane A2 than did controls (for example, PGE2: ulcerative colitis, 4.17+/-1.06; Crohn's disease, 3.97+/-1.66; control, 0.12 +/-0.13 ng/mL, n = 8-12). These increases were inhibited to a similar extent by either a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor (L-745,337) or a traditional non-selective NSAID (indomethacin). CONCLUSIONS: Until selective COX-2 inhibitors have been assessed adequately in human inflammatory bowel disease, these compounds should not be assumed to be safe for the gastrointestinal tract in inflammatory bowel disease.

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