RESUMEN
To determine the impact of a food voucher incentive and patient education program on compliance with tuberculin skin test (PPD, purified protein derivative) performance in HIV-infected adults, we analyzed return rates for PPD reading for patients at our urban HIV clinic. The groups studied included patients who received no intervention (controls), patients offered a food voucher incentive, and patients offered a food voucher and patient education intervention. Return rates for PPD reading were 96 (35%) of 272 for the control group, 111 (48%, p = 0.004) of 229 for the food voucher group, and 96 (61%, p < 0.0001) of 158 for the food voucher and patient education group. By univariate analysis, black patients (p = 0.01), males (p = 0.01), older patients (p = 0.04), city residents (p = 0.001), and injection drug users were more likely to return for PPD reading. By logistic regression, food voucher, food voucher plus education, city residence, and male sex were significantly associated with return for PPD reading. Two simple, inexpensive interventions were found to increase compliance with tuberculin skin test performance in HIV-infected adults. Additional interventions are required to achieve better rates of return for PPD reading.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Cooperación del Paciente , Educación del Paciente como Asunto , Prueba de Tuberculina , Tuberculosis/diagnóstico , Adulto , Estudios de Evaluación como Asunto , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Cooperación del Paciente/psicología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Prueba de Tuberculina/psicología , Tuberculosis/complicaciones , Tuberculosis/psicologíaRESUMEN
STUDY OBJECTIVE: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is a major late complication of HIV infection associated with morbidity and mortality. Because chemoprophylaxis is highly effective, cases of PCP can be viewed as failures in the management of HIV disease. METHODS: We reviewed demographic, clinical, and cost data for all cases of confirmed HIV-related PCP at The Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1991 to determine consequences of missed prophylaxis. We also analyzed hospital discharge data for Maryland in 1991 to assess hospital charges, length of stay, and outcome for all patients with a principal diagnosis of HIV-related PCP. RESULTS: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was diagnosed in 79 patients. Of the 79 patients, 61 (77%) did not receive prophylaxis, including 26 who were not previously known to have HIV infection, 17 who did not have prophylaxis prescribed, and 18 who had prophylaxis prescribed, but were not compliant with the regimen. Patients not taking prophylaxis accounted for all 12 deaths ascribed to PCP. This group also accounted for 85% of the hospital days, 100% of the ICU days, and 89% of the inpatient charges. The total hospital charges were $849,540. Extrapolation of these figures for the state of Maryland suggest that the failure to receive prophylaxis in 1991 resulted in 62 patient deaths and a cost of approximately $4.7 million. CONCLUSION: Patients who developed PCP despite prophylaxis had a better outcome and used fewer resources than patients not receiving preventive therapy. This study emphasizes the impact of PCP prophylaxis on the morbidity, mortality, and economics of HIV health care.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones Oportunistas Relacionadas con el SIDA/prevención & control , Hospitales Universitarios/estadística & datos numéricos , Neumonía por Pneumocystis/prevención & control , Revisión de Utilización de Recursos , Infecciones Oportunistas Relacionadas con el SIDA/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Oportunistas Relacionadas con el SIDA/economía , Baltimore , Costo de Enfermedad , Femenino , Precios de Hospital , Hospitales Universitarios/economía , Humanos , Tiempo de Internación , Masculino , Neumonía por Pneumocystis/tratamiento farmacológico , Neumonía por Pneumocystis/economía , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
In summary, despite the major benefits conferred by aerosol therapy, the risk of transmission of M tuberculosis remains a concern. The most effective approach to preventing nosocomial transmission of respiratory infections such as tuberculosis is to prevent disease in patients at risk, particularly those receiving aerosol therapy. Tuberculin skin tests should be applied to all HIV-infected persons and chemoprophylaxis administered to those with greater than or equal to 5mm reaction. Early detection and treatment of tuberculosis are essential to prevent transmission both inside and outside of health-care settings. Cough-reduction measures should be taken when giving pentamidine aerosol, and patients who do cough should cover their mouths. Proper ventilation of treatment areas with negative air pressure and at least 10 air changes per hour, and more if feasible, is essential. HEPA filters should be installed to cleanse exhaust air from treatment rooms, and air should not be recirculated. The use of UV light to disinfect air is recommended only for special situations. Finally, personal protective devices should be worn by health-care workers who are exposed to patients receiving aerosol therapy when other measures do not offer adequate protection.