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OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether patients with improved clinical markers during their anti-TNFα treatment experience improvements in their functional and psychological ability to undertake activities. METHODS: Patients receiving anti-TNFα treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or ankylosing spondylitis (AS) were recruited from outpatient clinics in East Anglia and North West England. Purposive sampling recruited variety in demographic and treatment experiences. Data were collected through in-depth qualitative interviews and analysed using an interpretive phenomenological framework. Twenty-seven patients were recruited; 19 with RA, eight with AS, and aged from 21 to 73 years. RESULTS: While people generally experienced an improvement in their functional ability, known as occupational gain, they continued to experience difficulties through previous biomechanical damage, continuing symptoms of inflammatory arthritis, or concerns about anti-TNFα treatment. These disruptions affected how participants retained or regained employment. Lack of healthcare support, including an absence of occupational therapy intervention, resulted in people testing new boundaries through a process of unsupported trial and error. CONCLUSION: Occupational gain was not maximised for people on anti-TNFα treatment. Improved referral pathways to occupational therapy could facilitate the management of continuing functional difficulties, thereby maximising the benefit of treatment to people with inflammatory arthritis.

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BACKGROUND: Approximately 102,000 individuals live with an excretory stoma in the UK. Existing research shows huge variation in how individuals experience living with a new stoma but little is known of the individual experience of contemporary health care from the patient perspective. OBJECTIVE: To explore the individual experience of living with a new stoma and interactions with healthcare over time with the purpose of informing health care services. DESIGN: An existential phenomenological methodology underpinned interviews with twelve people with a new stoma at three, nine and fifteen months post-surgery. Ten healthcare professionals were interviewed on one occasion to provide adjunct data. METHODS: Open one-to one exploratory interviews lasting 35-90 min were conducted by one researcher using topic guides. A five-staged analytical framework facilitated iterative scrutiny of data to give a universal understanding of the experience. RESULTS: Three themes of healthcare experiences of people following stoma-forming surgery were identified: Relationships with health care professionals; being prepared; and regaining autonomy. They revealed how building a new sense of embodied self and increasing social confidence was facilitated by regaining physical capacity, mastering stoma function, purposeful care, and acceptance and support of others. Some conflict between the role of specialist and ward-based nurses is highlighted. Provision of responsive healthcare from all disciplines helped to establish patient self-determination in adaptation to and acceptance of self-with-a-stoma. CONCLUSIONS: The study contributes to defining a plan of care that assists individuals with a new stoma to adapt to and accept a changed sense of embodied self. It highlights the powerful influence of health care professionals in facilitating this process through their knowledge, experience and individual approaches to care. There is an identified need for on-going review of the work of nurses and others providing care for patients following stoma-forming surgery. The findings of this UK study can have resonance with patient healthcare experiences in other countries, if, despite cultural differences in delegation of professional duties and responsibilities, the global aim is to facilitate meeting individual patient needs.

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BACKGROUND: The risk of infection following a visit to the emergency department is unknown. We explored this risk among elderly residents of long-term care facilities. METHODS: We compared the rates of new respiratory and gastrointestinal infections among elderly residents aged 65 years and older of 22 long-term care facilities. We used standardized surveillance definitions. For each resident who visited the emergency department during the study period, we randomly selected two residents who did not visit the emergency department and matched them by facility unit, age and sex. We calculated the rates and proportions of new infections, and we used conditional logistic regression to adjust for potential confounding variables. RESULTS: In total, we included 1269 residents of long-term care facilities, including 424 who visited the emergency department during the study. The baseline characteristics of residents who did or did not visit the emergency department were similar, except for underlying health status (visited the emergency department: mean Charlson Comorbidity Index 6.1, standard deviation [SD] 2.5; did not visit the emergency department: mean Charlson Comorbidity index 5.5, SD 2.7; p < 0.001) and the proportion who had visitors (visited the emergency department: 46.9%; did not visit the emergency department: 39.2%; p = 0.01). Overall, 21 (5.0%) residents who visited the emergency department and 17 (2.0%) who did not visit the emergency department acquired new infections. The incidence of new infections was 8.3/1000 patient-days among those who visited the emergency department and 3.4/1000 patient-days among those who did not visit the emergency department. The adjusted odds ratio for the risk of infection following a visit to the emergency department was 3.9 (95% confidence interval 1.4-10.8). INTERPRETATION: A visit to the emergency department was associated with more than a threefold increased risk of acute infection among elderly people. Additional precautions should be considered for residents following a visit to the emergency department.

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AIM: This paper is a report of a literature review conducted to answer the question 'How has the experience of bodily change following stoma formation been explored and interpreted through existing qualitative research?'. BACKGROUND: A faecal stoma alters the function, appearance and sensation of the body. Quantitative research highlights the importance of bodily change following stoma formation but is limited in being able to explore what this experience means to ostomists. Qualitative research can identify ways in which ostomists experience their changed body but a conceptual framework of their experience drawn from qualitative findings which can inform patient-centred care has not yet been identified. METHOD: The Amed, ASSIA, CINAHL, Embase, Medline and Psycinfo databases were searched from inception to April 2009 using predefined inclusion criteria. Of 144 papers identified, 11 were selected for review. An interpretive review methodology for qualitative research synthesis was employed. FINDINGS: Three broad themes of bodily experience following stoma formation were identified: loss of embodied wholeness, awareness of a disrupted lived body and disrupted bodily confidence. These highlight the impact of the experience of living with a stoma on the embodied self and the ostomist's embodiment within their lifeworld. CONCLUSION: A loss of embodied wholeness which underpins the experience of stoma formation can be represented through awareness of the disrupted lived body and impact on the lifeworld. Findings suggest the need for further research to identify a comprehensive conceptualization of bodily change, which can more closely match healthcare service to individual patient need.

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This study examined adult vaccination rates in Metropolitan Toronto/Peel Region following the implementation of publicly funded adult pneumococcal and universal influenza vaccination programs in Ontario. Community-living adults eligible for pneumococcal vaccines were surveyed regarding vaccination rates, and factors potentially associated with vaccination. Influenza vaccine rates increased over time, but only respondents 65 years of age and older met Canadian targets. Pneumococcal vaccine rates were below target for all respondents. More than 90% of unvaccinated respondents had seen a physician within the past year, and most vaccinations occurred in a physician's office, suggesting a role for physician advocacy to improve immunization rates. Adult vaccination programs may be less successful than pediatric programs in achieving vaccine uptake, and require on-going assessment and promotion.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare the dietary intake of elderly living in 11 long-term care facilities (LTCFs) to the Estimated Average Requirement set as part of the Dietary Reference Intake for older adults. DESIGN: A cross-sectional assessment of dietary intake using a 3 days food record among 407 elderly with mean age of 85.2 +/- 7.7 years and BMI of 23.8 +/- 5.7 kg/m(2). This population sample was similar to the one living in LTCFs in the province of Ontario. RESULTS: The daily energy intake was 1513 +/- 363 kcal (6330.4 +/- 1518.8 kJ). Percentage of energy from fat, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, protein, and carbohydrate were 30%, 11%, 5.2%, 15%, and 56%, respectively. Although these values were close to the recommendations, 29.5% had protein intake below the recommended 0.8 g/kg; and 38.3% of subjects had cholesterol intake more than the recommended 300 mg/d. More than 50% of the subjects had suboptimal intake of calcium, magnesium, zinc and vitamins E, B(6), and folate. In addition, greater than 15% had suboptimal intakes of other micronutrients such as vitamins A, C, niacin, and copper. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly subjects living in LTCFs in Toronto despite having a normal body mass index (BMI), do not meet the recommended levels of intake for protein and many of the micronutrients. LTCFs staff should monitor dietary intake. Menu modification and micronutrient supplementation may be required in order to meet the daily requirements of these elderly.

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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of vitamin and mineral supplementation on infections in an elderly institutionalized population. DESIGN: Eighteen-month, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: Twenty-one long-term care facilities. PARTICIPANTS: Seven hundred sixty-three subjects from 21 long-term care facilities. INTERVENTION: Participants were randomized to receive one multivitamin and mineral supplementation daily or placebo. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome was number of infections per subject. Secondary outcomes were antibiotic use and hospitalization rates. Infection control surveillance was conducted over 18 months using standardized criteria. RESULTS: Outcome data from 748 subjects, mean age 85, were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. Using univariate analyses, there was no difference in infectious episodes between the supplemented and placebo groups (3.5 infections per 1,000 resident-days vs 3.8 infections per 1,000 resident-days, odds ratio (OR)=0.92, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.82-1.03, P=.12). There was a reduction in antibiotic usage in the supplementation group, but this was not significant in the multivariate model. There was no difference in the number of hospital visits. In the multivariate analysis, the effect of multivitamin use on total number of infections was not significant (OR=0.77, 95% CI=0.54-1.1). Subjects without dementia had a greater rate of infections than those with dementia (OR=1.44, 95% CI=1.19-1.76). In post hoc subgroup analysis, subjects without dementia who received supplementation had a significantly lower rate of infections than those who received placebo (relative risk=0.81, 95% CI=0.66-0.99). CONCLUSION: Overall, multivitamin and mineral supplementation does not have a significant effect on the incidence of infections in institutionalized seniors, although the subgroup of residents in long-term care without dementia may benefit from supplementation. Further research is needed to determine its effect in high-risk subgroups within the nursing home population.

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With an increasing number of births in Ontario being conducted by midwives, we undertook a survey of the beliefs and practices of 256 licensed Ontario midwives and student midwives about immunization, particularly against influenza. Overall, 42.9% (48/112) of midwives considered that they knew a lot about immunization; however, 36.2% (38/105) reported no education about immunization during their training. A small majority (55.9%) were in favour of vaccination in general and only 2 of 113 reported spending more than 1h discussing vaccination with their clients. Only 26.9% reported having received influenza vaccine in the previous season (compared to 60% of all health care workers in Ontario). Overall, only 37% believed that influenza vaccine is effective, and 22% believed that the vaccine was a greater risk than influenza. Graduation in 1998 or prior was associated with belief in the effectiveness in vaccine, having been vaccinated, and recommending vaccine to clients. Midwives who reported being immunized themselves were more likely to believe in the safety and efficacy of influenza vaccine, and to recommend vaccination to their clients (26% versus 3%, p=0.001). If greater attention is not focused on promoting the utility of immunization to midwives, the success of population immunization programs may be compromised.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Antiviral prophylaxis is recommended for the control of institutional influenza A outbreaks. In long-term-care institutions other than nursing homes, neither the seriousness of influenza nor the risks and benefits of antiviral prophylaxis is clearly understood. We studied the severity of illness due to influenza among adults residing in a center for the developmentally disabled and assessed adverse reactions to amantadine and oseltamivir prophylaxis. METHODS: Data were collected from the charts of consenting residents. Complications of upper respiratory tract illness were recorded. Potential adverse events were documented during amantadine and oseltamivir therapy, and during a baseline period with neither medication. RESULTS: The median age of the 287 participants was 46.4 years. Only 15 (5%) were older than 65 years, and 69 (24%) had chronic underlying medical illness placing them at high risk for influenza. Of the 122 residents with an upper respiratory tract infection, 16 (13%) developed pneumonia, 12 (9.8%) were hospitalized, and 5 (4%) died. Twenty-eight (25%) of 112 residents had an adverse neurologic event while receiving amantadine prophylaxis, compared with 3 (2.7%) receiving no antiviral medication and 5 (4.5%) receiving oseltamivir (P < .001). Sixteen percent of the residents discontinued amantadine due to adverse events; in contrast, adverse events were identified in 2.9% of the residents prescribed oseltamivir, and none discontinued therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Viral respiratory tract infections are associated with a high risk of complications in this population. The rate of adverse neurologic events associated with amantadine was significantly higher than that associated with oseltamivir.

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Emergency departments are increasingly identified as the entry point to mental health services. In the hope of facilitating the flow of psychiatric patients through a general hospital's emergency department, experienced psychiatric nurses were asked to participate in a pilot project in a general hospital in Canada. This paper is a reflection of one emergency psychiatric nurse's (EPN) experience of her role being transformed into that of a gatekeeper. The notion of "gatekeeper" as a metaphor highlights "keeping psychiatric patients out" of an already strained emergency system. As a means to balance fiscal demands with patient care, the EPN inadvertently served to obscure entry for patients with mental illness who were seeking emergency services.

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OBJECTIVES: To determine the role of nutritional parameters in influencing the risk of mortality in institutionalized elderly. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study in which subjects had several nutritional parameters measured at baseline and were followed for 19 months. Time to death and mortality were recorded starting immediately after enrollment. SETTING: Fourteen long-term care facilities (LTCFs). PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred eight elderly long-term care residents aged 60 and older who resided in the facility for more than 6 weeks. MEASUREMENTS: At baseline, knee height, weight, mid-arm circumference (MAC), skin-fold thickness, and fat-free mass using bioelectric impedance analysis were measured. Covariates included demographic factors, length of stay in the facility, functional status, and medical diagnoses. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of mortality. Results are reported as mean+/-standard error of the mean (SEM). RESULTS: Overall, mortality rate was 28.4%. Univariate predictors included male sex, body mass index, MAC, and triceps skin fold. In multivariate analysis, male sex (hazard ratio (HR)=1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.2-2.7, P=.0096) and MAC less than 26 cm were significantly associated with increased risk of mortality (HR=4.8, 95% CI: 2.8-8.3, P<.0001). CONCLUSION: Among this elderly population living in LTCFs, MAC is the best nutritional predictor of mortality.

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