RESUMEN
Heavy metals are natural and essential elements of the environment and living beings, produced from natural (e.g. volcanic activity and cosmic ray-induced spallation) and anthropogenic processes (e.g. industrial and fossil fuel combustion). High-concentrations of heavy metals and radionuclides are also originated from anthropogenic activities in urban and industrial areas. In this preliminary study, we analyzed the levels of heavy metals and Polonium-210 (210Po) in lung tissues in autopsies from residents of the city of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. In order to identify the link among sources of the heavy metals in lungs, factor analysis was performed. Of the first four factors, which explain 66% of the total variability, three were associated with vehicular sources. The fitting of a regression model with 210Po as the response variable and with the four factors as explanatory variables, controlling for age, sex and tobacco, showed a significant association between the concentration of polonium and the first factor that is generated by catalysts and brakes (coefficient = 0.90, standard error = 0.33, p = 0.016). Our findings suggest an association between traffic-related trace metals and 210Po in lung autopsies.
Asunto(s)
Contaminación del Aire , Metales Pesados , Oligoelementos , Contaminación del Aire/análisis , Brasil , Ciudades , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Pulmón/química , Metales Pesados/análisis , Oligoelementos/análisisRESUMEN
The accumulation of detectable amounts of radon progeny in human tissues may be a risk factor for development and progression of chronic diseases. In this preliminary study, we analyzed the levels of alpha-emitting radon progeny Polonium-210 (210Po) in the olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb, frontal lobe, and lung tissues in cadavers from the city of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. We also assessed the association between 210Po levels and exposure parameters for urban air pollution using linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, smoke, time living in Sao Paulo, daily commuting, socioeconomic index, and anthracosis (traffic-related black carbon accumulation in the pleural region and in lymph). Our findings show that the concentration of 210Po was associated with anthracosis in lungs of non-smokers (coefficient = 6.0; standard error = 2.9; p = 0.04). Individuals with lower socioeconomic status also had significantly higher 210Po levels in lungs (coefficient = -1.19; standard error = 0.58; p = 0.042). The olfactory bulb had higher 210Po levels than either olfactory epithelium (p = 0.071), frontal lobe (p < 0.001), or lungs (p = 0.037). Our findings of the deposition of 210Po in autopsy tissues suggest that airborne radionuclides may contribute to the development of chronic diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Radiactivos del Aire/análisis , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Pulmón/metabolismo , Polonio/análisis , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Autopsia , Brasil , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Riesgo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Todos os Santos Bay (BTS) is the 2nd largest bay in Brazil and an important resource for the people of the State of Bahia. We made measurements of radon and radium in selected areas of the bay to evaluate if these tracers could provide estimates of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) and flushing times of the Paraguaçu Estuary and BTS. We found that there were a few areas along the eastern and northeastern shorelines that displayed relatively high radon and low salinities, indicating possible sites of enhanced SGD. A time-series mooring over a tidal cycle at Marina do Bonfim showed a systematic enrichment of the short-lived radium isotopes 223Ra and 224Ra during the falling tide. Assuming that the elevated radium isotopes were related to SGD and using measured radium activities from a shallow well at the site, we estimated groundwater seepage at about 70 m3/day per unit width of shoreline. Extrapolating to an estimated total shoreline length provided a first approximation of total (fresh + saline) SGD into BTS of 300 m3/s, about 3 times the average river discharge into the bay. Just applying the shoreline lengths from areas identified with high radon and reduced salinity results in a lower SGD estimate of 20 m3/s. Flushing times of the Paraguaçu Estuary were estimated at about 3-4 days based on changing radium isotope ratios from low to high salinities. The flushing time for the entire BTS was also attempted using the same approach and resulted in a surprisingly low value of only 6-8 days. Although physical oceanographic models have proposed flushing times on the order of months, a simple tidal prism calculation provided results in the range of 4-7 days, consistent with the radium approach. Based on these initial results, we recommend a strategy for refining both SGD and flushing time estimates.
Asunto(s)
Radio (Elemento)/análisis , Radón/análisis , Contaminantes Radiactivos del Agua/análisis , Bahías/química , Brasil , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Agua Subterránea/químicaRESUMEN
The concentration of (238)U, (232)Th, (230)Th, (226)Ra, (228)Ra and (210)Pb were determined in samples of Peperomia pellucida and in the surrounding soil, by alpha spectrometry and gross alpha and beta counting. The radionuclide activity concentrations ranged from 4.3 to 38 Bq kg(-1), 1.7-124 Bq kg(-1), 2.1-38 Bq kg(-1), 8.5-37 Bq kg(-1), 3.2-46 Bq kg(-1), 39-93 Bq kg(-1), respectively. In the plant extractions and infusions as used for consumption, the mean recoveries were from 23% to 60% in maceration and 24-75% in infusion.
Asunto(s)
Peperomia , Radioisótopos/análisis , Contaminantes Radiactivos del Suelo/análisis , Radiación de Fondo , Brasil , Componentes Aéreos de las Plantas/química , Raíces de Plantas/química , Plantas Medicinales , Monitoreo de Radiación , RadiactividadRESUMEN
Ten sediment core samples with lengths ranging from 35 to 100 cm were collected in the Baixada Santista region and analyzed to determine As, Br, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, Rb, Sb, Ta, Th, U, Zn and rare earths (Sc, Ce, Eu, La, Lu, Nd, Sm, Tb and Yb) level concentrations using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The studied region is located in the southeastern coast of São Paulo State and is comprised of a densely urbanized area, the largest industrial complex of the country, with a predominance of petrochemical and fertilizer plants. It is also home to Brazil's most important and busiest port. The conclusions found that the As, La, Sm, Ne, Ce, Eu, Hf, Ta, Th, and U elements have a high background level in the region and that Fe and Zn were the main indicators of anthropogenic contribution in the sediments.
Asunto(s)
Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Metales/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Brasil , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Contaminación Química del Agua/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
This paper examines the viability of using Canoparmelia texana lichen species as a bioindicator of air pollution by radionuclides and rare earth elements (REEs) in the vicinity of a tin and lead industry. The lichen and soil samples were analyzed for uranium, thorium and REEs by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The radionuclides (226)Ra, (228)Ra and (210)Pb were determined either by Gamma-ray spectrometry (GRS) (soils) or by radiochemical separation followed by gross alpha and beta counting using a gas flow proportional counter (lichens). The lichens samples concentrate radionuclides (on the average 25-fold higher than the background for this species) and REEs (on the average 10-fold higher), therefore they can be used as a fingerprint of contamination by the operation of the tin industry.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Radiactivos del Aire/análisis , Elementos Radiactivos/análisis , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Radioisótopos de Plomo/análisis , Líquenes/química , Metales de Tierras Raras/análisis , Contaminantes Radiactivos del Suelo/análisis , Brasil , Metalurgia , Metales Pesados/análisis , Suelo/análisisRESUMEN
The phosphate region located in the Northeast of Brazil covers an area of approximately 150 km long with an average width of 4 km, along the coast of the states of Pernambuco and Paraíba. The inhabitants of this area are exposed to natural radioactivity levels higher than the background values recorded in the literature, mainly due to the presence of uranium and its decay products in the phosphatic sediments. The main aim of this study was to determine the activity concentration of uranium and (226)Ra in foodstuffs cultivated in this area, where the phosphate mineral has been extracted. The activity concentrations found for uranium and (226)Ra in the foodstuffs analyzed varied from 13 to 186 mBq kg(-1) (wet weight), with a mean value of 46 mBq kg(-1) and from 43 to 2209 mBq kg(-1) (wet weight), with a mean value of 358 mBq kg(-1), respectively. The annual intake of these radionuclides, for rural residents, was 7.45 Bq for uranium and 69.3 Bq for (226)Ra.
Asunto(s)
Productos Agrícolas/química , Contaminación Radiactiva de Alimentos , Radio (Elemento)/análisis , Contaminantes Radiactivos del Suelo/análisis , Uranio/análisis , Brasil , Humanos , Magnoliopsida/química , Fosfatos , Dosis de RadiaciónRESUMEN
Complementar dados de investigaçäo anterior sobre o risco de induçäo de câncer devido à ingestäo de 226Ra, 228Ra e 222Rn em fontes de águas minerais de uma regiäo de altos nçiveis de radioatividade natural, do Brasil. Desta forma, foi realizada a estimativa de induçäo de câncer devido à ingestäo de 238U e 234U nessas mesmas águas. O coeficiente de risco para os isótopos naturais de urânio foi considerado como sendo o mesmo daquele utilizado para a induçäo de sarcoma ósseo pelo 226Ra e que a quantidade depositada no osso corresponde a 25 vezes a ingestäo diária de 226Ra e a 11 vezes a ingestäo diária dos isótopos de urânio de meia-vida longa. Amostras de água das fontes utilizadas pela populaçäo de Agua da Prata, Estado de Säo Paulo, foram coletadas, num período de um ano, de forma a abranger todas as estaçöes. Foram encontradas concentraçöes variando de 2,0 a 28,4 mBq/L e de 4,7 a 143m Bq/L para 238U e 234U, respectivamente. Baseando-se nessas concentraçöes foi estimado o risco devido à ingestäo dos isótopos de urânio: um total de 0,3 casos de câncer por 106 indivíduos expostos. Este dado indica que a ingestäo crônica de urânio nas concentraçöes observadas nas fontes analisadas resultará em um acréscimo no número de casos de câncer fatais de 0,1 por cento. Se as incertezas na estimativa dos efeitos carcinogênicos forem levadas em consideraçäo, pode-se concluir que praticamente nenhum caso de câncer ocorrerá devido á ingestäo de urânio presente nas águas minerais analisadas